Ma Zhiyuan, Han nationality, is mostly from (present-day Beijing). According to textual research, Ma Zhiyuan is from Macitang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. Both Dongguang County annals and Dongguang Ma's genealogy are recorded. In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan used the word "a thousand miles" and the name "Dongli" to show his ambition. His age is later than Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu and others, his birth year should be before Zhiyuan (starting at 1264), and his death year should be between Zhi Zhi's political reform and Taiding's first year (1321-kloc-0/324), and he is also called "Yuanqu" with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu. In addition, there is a famous person named Ma Zhiyuan, who is Professor Ma Zhiyuan from Xi Jiaotong University. Ma Zhiyuan (about1251~1321~1324), with the words "Li Qian" and "Dongli", was a zaju writer in Yuan Dynasty, a native of Yuan Dadu (now Beijing), and was named Tianjingsha Qiu Si.

Known as the father of Qiu Si. According to textual research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Macitang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. Both Dongguang County annals and Dongguang Ma's genealogy are recorded. Famous opera writer and Sanqu writer in Yuan Dynasty. There are 0/5 kinds of zaju/kloc, among which Autumn in Han Palace is his masterpiece. Sanqu/kloc-more than 0/20 songs, including Dongli Yuefu series. When I was young, my career was bumpy, and I was a scholar in middle age. He was an official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and later served as the director of the Ministry of Industry in Dadu (now Beijing). In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan was dissatisfied with the current situation, lived in seclusion in the countryside, entertained himself with a cup, and was buried in his ancestral home after his death. From his Sanqu works, we can know that when he was young, he was keen on fame and had the political ambition of "helping the world and taking cloud hands", but it never came true. After twenty years of wandering, he saw through the shame of life, and then thought of retiring from the nymphs and living a leisurely life as a friend in the forest and an outsider in his later years. Ma Zhiyuan participated in the creation of zaju in his early years and was a major member of Zhenyuan Bookstore. He had contacts with Wang Bocheng, Wang Hua and Li Er, and was one of the famous "Four Masters" at that time. Ma Zhiyuan has been engaged in the creation of zaju for a long time, and his fame is also great, and he is known as the "number one composer". There are 65,438+06 kinds of his works, including Autumn Colors in the Han Palace, Monument to Blessing, The Story of Yueyang Tower, Tears in Shirts, Sleeping in Chen Tuan, Ren Fengzi, Dream of the Huangliangmeng, etc., all of which are his cooperative works with several artists. The most famous is Autumn in Han Palace. Sanqu has Dongli Yuefu. The poem Tianjingsha Qiu Si is well-known, ingenious and natural, with no trace of carving. The style of his works has the style of showing elegance in the bold and unconstrained and epiphany in the depressed. Ma Zhiyuan's zaju has beautiful language, and is good at tempering simple and natural sentences into delicate and vivid expressions. Wen Qu is full of strong lyricism and subjectivity. Ma Zhiyuan Sanqu. Expand the field of subject matter and improve the artistic conception. The tone is harmonious and beautiful, the language is simple and generous, and the words that appeal to both refined and popular tastes are beautiful but not rich. Taihe Yin Zhengpu was rated as "the word of Ma Dongli, such as Chaoyang Mingfeng". Its dictionary is elegant and beautiful, comparable to Jing Lingguang Fu's, and it is inspiring. If the phoenix flies in the sky, how can it talk to all the birds? Should be above the hero.

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zaju

There are fifteen kinds of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, among which there are seven existing ones: Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, The Lonely Goose in Autumn in the Han Palace, The Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, The Monument of Thunder at Midnight, Ma Danyang Being a Wind Child Three Times, Opening the Altar to Interpret Dreams, and Sleeping in Chen Tuan on the West Huashan Mountain. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu works are also famous. A volume of Dongli Yuefu, revenue 104, 17 episodes. The content of his zaju is mainly deified Taoist priests, and all his plays involve stories of Quanzhen religion. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jia said in his poem: "Fairy horses are among the flowers, and immortals are far away", and "the name is fragrant all over the pear garden". When Ma Zhiyuan was alive, Mongolian rulers began to attach importance to "obeying the Chinese law" and appointed Han literati, but it failed to be universally implemented, which brought a little fantasy and more disappointment to Han literati. In his early years, Ma Zhiyuan was ambitious in his official career. In a group of stray songs, he claimed that "he wrote a poem for the Dragon Family", but it was fruitless for a long time. Later, as a small local official, I was completely dissatisfied and my working hours were probably not long. In such a wasteful experience, he gradually became disheartened. While complaining, he claimed that he had seen through worldly fame and fortune, regarded himself as a hermit and sought liberation in Taoism. Autumn in the Han Palace is Ma Zhiyuan's early work and the most famous of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, which tells the story of Wang Zhaojun's departure from the fortress and marriage. In history, this incident was originally just that the Han Yuan emperor married the maid-in-waiting to the attached southern Xiongnu Khan as a means of netting, and the records in Hanshu were also very simple. The story of the Southern Xiongnu, however, has joined the story of Zhao Jun's invitation to leave the fortress, and Yuan Di was stunned by his beauty and wanted to stay but could not, making it a story. Later note novels, literati poems and folk singing literature all mentioned this matter many times, which greatly improved the historical facts. Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty adds fiction to the legend, and writes the relationship between Han and Xiongnu as a weak Han dynasty oppressed by powerful Xiongnu. The reason why Zhaojun went to the fortress was written as Mao Yanshou's unsuccessful bribery, and Zhaojun was vilified in the portrait. After the defeat, he fled to Xiongnu, led the troops to attack and forced Suo Zhaojun; Write Yuan Di as a cowardly, sentimental emperor who deeply loves Wang Zhaojun; Zhaojun's ending is about committing suicide by throwing himself into the river in Heilongjiang at the junction of Han and Xiongnu. In this way, Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty has become a fictional court love tragedy under the pretext of a certain historical background. Autumn in the Han Palace may contain certain national feelings. However, we should pay attention to Ma Zhiyuan's basic attitude towards life, either actively seeking fame under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty or regarding all values as illusory. Therefore, it is inappropriate to overemphasize this aspect. The drama is directly related to real life, which mainly reflects the personal misfortune in the national war. For example, Jin married a princess under the oppression of Mongolia, and his concubines and maids were taken to the north after the death of the Song Dynasty. These contemporary historical facts will give the author a deep feeling. Autumn in the Han Palace is the last play, and the protagonist is the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the play, the emperor can't dominate himself or keep his beloved woman. Then, the inner feelings that individuals are dominated by fate and bumped by historical changes are even stronger. In fact, Ma Zhiyuan's Han and Yuan emperors also showed more emotions and desires of ordinary people. & lt Han hongqiu > the third discount

sanqu

At the same time, Ma Zhiyuan is a master of Sanqu, a master of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, and is known as the "champion of Sanqu". There are more than 30 existing Sanqu/kloc-0. His landscape works, such as Qiu Si, are picturesque and memorable. His works lamenting the world can also vividly express his feelings. Among the writers of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, he was regarded as the leader of the "bold school". Although he also has elegant works, his language is mainly sparse and bold, and his language combines poetry and spoken language, creating a unique artistic conception of songs. [Double Tone] The fishing lamp in Xiaoxiang Night Rain in Shouyang District is dim, the guest dreams back, and the sound is heartbreaking. Wan Li, the home of a lonely boat, is a tear in the people's market. [Double Tone] The night bell of Quyan Temple in Shouyang is cold and smoky, the ancient temple is clear, and the Buddha's light is quiet near dusk. How to teach the old monk to meditate when the death knell of the west wind rings three or four times? [Double Tone] Qinglanhua Village, a mountain town in Shouyang District, is in the west of Caodian, and the sunset rains and harvests are good. In the residual photos of the surrounding mountains, the Jinping wind adds greenery. [Double Tone] Yuan Pufan, a Shouyang song, died at dusk, and he was idle, but he didn't fall after two or three flights. It's getting late in the cottage, and the fish seller at the end of the broken bridge is scattered. [Double tone] The sunset is ringing in the fishing village of Shouyang District, and the twilight is boundless. Green Di Yang sang several songs and hung several idle nets in Chai Men, all of which were collected on the fishing map. [Lu Nan] Four jade pieces, three wild flowers and three bottles of village wine sigh the world. How can troubles come to mind? Who can strut and eat meat often? Two hectares of land, one cow, rest after eating. Help the country, lead the cloud, and ask for it all the time in your life. You can have a rest at any time. A few pieces of cotton and a piece of silk are warm and peaceful. Walk with the moon, walk with the stars, and eat cold food in your hometown in autumn. Wife and children are fat, but we are thin. Worry on the pillow, immediate worry, and rest after death. [Lu Nan] Four children from Yutai Road, who were collecting herbs, were traveling and resented Liu Lang's going down to Tiantai. Where is the spring breeze? Peach blossoms no longer bloom, poor scholar, who told you to come back. [Lu Nan] Four Jade Pieces of Xunyang River saw Fujian off, and Qiu Jiang ordered the pipa of merchants and women to be heartbroken. Do you know that Sima He is worried about listening? The moon wakes up drunk. The guests woke up at first. [Lu Nan] Four jade horses and jade slopes sleep on begonia. It's late spring, and I can't wait to see it tomorrow. Nishang is the chaos of the Central Plains. This Yuhuan is not a mountain, so how can we know that the Shu Road is difficult to walk! [Lu Nan] Siyu Wushan Temple welcomes the dusk rain and sends clouds, but the dusk rain disappears without a trace. Xiang Dui said balcony dream. The clouds are empty and the rain is empty. How can I get the Twelve Peaks? [Moon Tune] The Silver Leaf Star Dongli in Qingjiang River is the master of romantic scenery, and the night in the garden is interesting. A pillow gourd rack and several rows of poplars. This is a happy and leisure place. [Yue Diao] Night boat Qiu Si's 100-year-old dream butterfly, looking back. Spring has come today, and the bright flowers have withered. Emergency punishment: the midnight light goes out. [Qiao Mucha] I miss Hanque and Qin Gong. I graze many cattle and sheep. No, Yu Qiao has nothing to say. Cross-cutting the monument in the grave does not dispute the dragon and snake. [Qing Xuanhe] How many heroes have been cast in the rabbit hole. Although the feet are strong, they are half folded. What about Wei? [meifeng] Heaven teaches you to be rich, not too extravagant. It will be a sunny night. Rich kids even say that your heart is like iron and you have failed to live up to the beautiful scenery. [Wind pine] The sun is red and the west is oblique, and the disease is downhill. There is no doubt that adding snow to the mirror, going to bed and shoes are all different. Don't laugh at bird's nest, you always play dumb in the gourd. 【 Dial constantly 】 fame and fortune, right and wrong. Don't mess with the door in the world of mortals, the green trees should cover the corners, and the green hills should fill the cracks in the walls. Not to mention a thatched cottage. [Constantly dialing] When the glass is deep, people will be happy. Don't refuse to drink when you meet. You sing, I slowly pour, and Qu Yuan dies peacefully. What's the difference between drunkenness and sobriety? [Leaving the Pavilion for Dinner] It takes a sleep to stick to it, and everything will not be interrupted when the rooster crows. When is the bus? Look at the ants waiting in line, the bees making honey and the flies fighting for blood. Pei Lv Gong Tang Ye, Ling Tao Bailian Sect, loved Qiu Lai: picking yellow flowers with dew, dividing purple crabs with frost, and cooking wine with red leaves. How many double ninth festivals do you think life has is limited? Someone asked me, urchin reporter: Beihai came to see me, and Daodongli was drunk.

Edit the characteristics of this Sanqu

Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu can be roughly divided into four categories: scenery writing, sighing for the world, boudoir feelings and world images. The author is good at using various rhetorical devices and vivid characters.

Editorial appreciation of this work

Tianjin Sha Qiu Si

Yue Diaosha Author: Ma Zhiyuan withered vines old trees faint crow, bridges flowing people. The ancient road and the west wind are thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.

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From a distance, crows at dusk are looking for old vines to inhabit. A closer look shows that there are people living near the small bridge and flowing water. In front of them, there is only a thin horse carrying a wandering wanderer, walking slowly on the ancient autumn wind road. Looking at the afterglow of the sunset, the broken-hearted people wandering outside are wandering around the world.

Appreciate one

Ma Zhiyuan's poem Tianjingsha Qiu Si is called "the ancestor of Qiu Si". The content of the work itself, simple and ordinary, tells the story of the homeless, and at dusk, it is a surprise. Feel it, think it, think it, cry it, cry it. Looking at the bleak breath of Akita, "the faint cry of the old vine", the desolate and withered wormwood, the lonely and withered vine branches, and sometimes the unlucky "faint cry", quack quack quack, the breath of autumn dusk was suddenly involved in the hearts of the poor and homeless. Cold and clear, the location of the small bridge seems to pave the way for travelers and let them sink. Xiu Yuan Xi, Xiu Yuan Xi, career geometry. People with zero thoughts, black scarves and blue shirts, covered in dust, walk alone. "Running water" and "people" seem to be mixed; In Yuanye Wan Li, "flowing water" is the artistic conception, and "others" is a long-cherished wish, but it is difficult to give deep feelings. A pair of sad autumn eyes, out of water, let sadness cross. When the post station fell, the remaining "ancient road" still reached the sky, with fame and fortune, frustrated career, unbearable sadness, clear distinction between right and wrong, and merged into the bleak "west wind". Thin horse, carrying books, urging travelers, okay? Life is often frustrated, literati are down and out, wandering and displaced. Who knows that this world is not only difficult? In the last paragraph, three sentences, eight words and nine nouns are combined into calligraphy and painting without heavy ink and color, and none of the words are empty and difficult to add. Different landscapes are created seamlessly and harmoniously, which makes people angry. This kind of poem has a harmonious syllable, harmonious scene and infinite beauty, so it has the reputation that "an old vine writes Qiu Si, and there is no room for one person to be redundant", which is true. If there are only these nine nouns, won't they be "laughed at" by future generations? The ingenious combination of groups, with countless melancholy thoughts, a stroke of a turn, the dangers of vagrants, profound artistic conception, jumped out, and a beautiful ancient painting floated in front of us! As the sun sets, "the old vines are faint, the bridges are flowing, and the old roads are thin." The rustling sound is sad and silent, like a voice: "heartbroken people are at the end of the world." Suddenly, people cried, tears were sad and painful, which turned the scene into love, and feelings emerged from the scene, outlining the figure of a sad traveler who was far away from home and wandering alone. "Sad autumn leaves", autumn has aroused people's deep thinking. Time is like a dream, and the past is unforgettable. Ma Zhiyuan was keen on becoming famous, but failed. He wandered for more than 20 years before becoming an official at the age of 50. He didn't like the dark officialdom and lived in seclusion. Qiu Si is one of his works during his wandering. His real experience and anger naturally reveal his dissatisfaction with reality. Learning to eat is useless. Frustration, bitterness, sadness and loneliness are all heartfelt words. You can only spit out the pain with a bald pen. Deep meaning, infinite meaning and endless fun; Hold your head up and your thoughts will flood. It is a scene, a scene, a blend of water and milk, and a background; It is meaning, it is love; Complement and help each other. It is no wonder that Wang Guowei said in "Words on Earth": "The beauty of an article, in a word, is just a realm. Boutique, required reading; Good writing is indispensable. A song "Qiu Si" made me feel dull pain and tears welled up in my eyes.

Appreciate II

This is a famous sentence by Ma Zhiyuan, and 28 calligraphy and paintings show a lonely place. This song is heartbroken. The author's lyrical motivation can be seen from the title. In the first two sentences, the old vines make people faint, and the small bridges flow, creating a cold and bleak atmosphere and showing a fresh and quiet realm. The old vines here give people a bleak feeling, and it is already evening. Small bridges and flowing water make people feel relaxed and happy. 12 calligraphy and painting create a quiet pastoral scenery in late autumn. The ancient road became thinner with the west wind, and the poet described a bleak and desolate artistic conception of autumn wind, adding another layer of desolation to the quiet rural map. The setting sun adds a bit of bleak light to this bleak picture and deepens the sad atmosphere. The poet skillfully connects ten plain and objective scenes in series, and naturally contains the poet's infinite worries in the picture through words such as withered, old, light, ancient, western and thin. In the last sentence, heartbroken people are the crowning touch in the horizon. At this time, a wanderer appeared on the picture of the country in late autumn. On the desolate ancient road when the sun sets, he leads a thin horse and walks in the biting autumn wind. It hurts, but he doesn't know where his home is. This poem reveals the poet's sadness and expresses the theme appropriately.

Edit this introduction to the former residence

Who lives in a small bridge? -Statue of Ma Zhiyuan, the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan, a dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty.

There is an ancient house in the Yuan Dynasty in the village of Xiluopo, Jiuyuan Village, Wang Ping Town, Mentougou District, western Beijing. The villagers handed it down from generation to generation, and this is the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan. In the history of Chinese literature, Yuan Zaju can be said to be a brilliant page, with many famous dramatists and many excellent scripts. Moreover, many dramatists are Beijingers, such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu and Ma Zhiyuan in the famous "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". Their plays are often staged in Goulan Washe in Brick Pagoda Hutong in Xicheng, and sometimes they appear in black in person. Many dramas in the Yuan Dynasty, such as Guan Hanqing's Dou 'e Yuan, Wang Jiangting, Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, and Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Han Palace (that is, Princess Hanming or Zhaojun boarded the ship), are still being staged for a long time. Beijing can be said to be one of the birthplaces of China's drama. There are few biographies of many dramatists in the Yuan Dynasty, and most of them are found in Ghost Records and Brothel Collection, which introduce dramatists and works in the Yuan Dynasty. Now, the only clue is the former residence of the great dramatist Ma Zhiyuan. Jiuyuan Village, where the former residence is located, is the crossroads of the "Wang Ping Ancient Road", which passes through Wang Ping, Datai, Muchengjian, Zhuanghu Village, Qianjuntai, Zhangjiacun and Qilifen in Mentougou District, and then meets Jingxi Avenue in Xiang Jun Township. Jiuyuan Village consists of Jiuyuan Village, Dongluopo Village, Xiluopo Village and Qiaoerjian Village. Ma Zhiyuan's former residence is in Xiluopo Village, facing east and west. It is a big quadrangle. In front of the former residence is a small bridge with flowing water. On the screen wall in front of it is written "Former Residence of Ma Zhiyuan", with the introduction of Ma Zhiyuan's life. Bypass the screen and come to the yard. The yard is very big, and there are rooms in the northwest and southeast, with three or five rooms on each side. Because it has been uninhabited for a long time, it is very shabby now, and the ground is full of weeds and sundries. Ma Zhiyuan's famous song "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": "The old vines are faint, the bridges are flowing, the old roads are thin, the sun is setting, and the heartbroken people are in the end of the world". It is a portrayal of the vicissitudes of the ancient road in Jingxi. According to the history of China literature, Ma Zhiyuan (1250- 1324) is a thousand miles long and is named Dongli. Most people are from Beijing. Known as the "famous pear garden", it was the main member of the literary organization Zhenyuan Bookstore at that time. Dissatisfied with the corruption of officialdom, Ma Zhiyuan lived in seclusion in the mountains, living a life of "a fairy in wine, a stranger outside the dust, a friend in the forest, and a middle reaches of the song". Where this mountain forest is, there is no clear written record. But villagers in Xiluopo Village of Jiuyuan Village passed down from generation to generation, and this is the former residence of Ma Zhiyuan. This shows the people's love for this great dramatist. People are also more willing to believe his other famous song "Singing at Night in Qingjiang River": "The village head in the west is sparsely populated, and it is a new cicada singing. Just as sunflowers bloom, bees make trouble early, and dreams on high pillows go with butterflies. " It's about Xiluopo village.

Edit this paragraph, Professor Xi An Jiaotong University.

outline

Ma Zhiyuan, male, born in June, 1933, from Qixia, Shandong. Professor of Xi Jiaotong University, member of Mechanical Engineering Society and Vibration Society. 1955 graduated from Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University).

achievements in scientific research

The general textbook "Structure and Strength Calculation of Steam Turbine Parts" edited by Professor Ma Zhiyuan won the second prize of excellent teaching materials for electromechanical and military majors in national universities. 1980 carried out the project of "design and development of new rotor for high-pressure cylinder of steam turbine" (KT 150 1), which successfully solved the blade fracture problem of 300,000 tons of imported ammonia plant, increased the annual output value of the enterprise by 62 million yuan, and increased the net profit by150,000 yuan/year, 65,438. 1990, in the reconstruction design project of AK-4250 blower unit of Shougang No.2 blast furnace, he was responsible for and successfully completed the reconstruction task of steam turbine recovery and output improvement, so that the volume utilization coefficient of the reformed blast furnace reached 30, the investment was saved140,000 yuan, and the annual profit was created140,000 yuan. From 1993, we will enjoy the special government allowance of the State Council.