***
1945 On April 2 1 day, an SS doctor named Ernst Genther Schoenke was called to Adolf Hitler's bunker in Berlin and ordered to store food there. By that time, the war in Germany had been hopelessly defeated, and most of the country was in the hands of the allies. Soviet troops have almost completely surrounded Berlin and are struggling to enter the city center. Hitler did not escape, but decided to finally gain a foothold in Philbunk, which is located in the center of Nazi capital. He will hold out until the end, because he has only nine days left.
Like all Germans, Dr. Schenk has eaten many photos, movies and posters since 1933 Hitler came to power. But the man he saw in the bunker was nothing like those photos. Schoenke recalled in an interview with 1985 that Hitler, 56, was "a living corpse, a dead soul". "His spine is curved, his shoulder blades protrude from his curved back, and his shoulders are like a turtle ... I am looking at deadeyes."
the aged
More shocking than Hitler walking around the bunker. He walks like a 30-year-old man, dragging his left leg and walking slowly. He only took a few steps and grabbed something to support him.
Hitler's head, arms and the whole left side could not help shaking. He couldn't write his name any more, so he signed the important document with a rubber stamp. He always insists on shaving himself. The murderer who killed millions couldn't help thinking of another man with a razor at his throat, but his trembling hands made it impossible. He must put the food in his mouth and not let it splash in front of his uniform. When he shuffled to the table, an assistant pushed him into the chair behind him and he plopped down.
Hitler's mental state also deteriorated. His mind was confused, his memory declined, and his emotions fluctuated between long-term irrational excitement (especially considering how close Germany was to failure) and screaming, which lasted for hours of uncontrollable anger.
Diagnose as
Schenk stayed in Berlin until the end. On April 29th, Hitler married his long-term mistress eva braun, and the next day they committed suicide in Yuan Capital. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7th.
After the war, Schenk spent ten years in a Soviet prison camp. He never forgets what he saw at the summit. After his release, he spent several years studying Hitler's medical records carefully, trying to find out what caused the dictator's health to deteriorate rapidly in the last years and months of his life.
He is not the only one who has worked hard in this field for more than 60 years. In this war, many historians, doctors and fans of World War II have done the same thing. The cause of Hitler's downfall was Parkinson's disease? Tertiary syphilis? Giant cell arteritis? Numerous theories have been put forward to explain Hitler's physical and mental decline, and after this time, experts are no closer to reaching a consensus than the day he died.
therapy
One of the strangest theories about disease methods was put forward by some of Hitler's own doctors in July 1944. The diagnosis was accidental. An otolaryngologist named Dr. Erwin Giesing happened to notice that there were six small black tablets "Dr. Koster's anti-gas tablets" on the breakfast tray of Foeller, next to his porridge, dry bread and orange juice. After discovering the pills, Gissing became Hitler's own personal doctor, an eccentric quack named Dr. Theodore Morrel. Obviously, he never bothered to do it: he checked the tin jar containing the pills and actually read the label to see what was inside. Gissing was stunned by what he read. Could it be? Is the Fuehrer poisoned by the pills that control meteors? Is this a powerful attack of farting that he can't control? "
visceral sense
Hitler suffered from digestive problems all his life. Since childhood, when he was depressed, he was prone to limb weakness and painful stomach cramps. When he was in his early forties, spasms became more frequent, often accompanied by violent episodes of farting and alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea.
The outbreak of fart was one of the reasons why Hitler became a vegetarian in the early 1930s: he didn't trust doctors, so he didn't seek professional help for his illness. Instead, he tried to treat it by removing meat, greasy food, milk and butter from his diet and eating raw and cooked vegetables and whole grains instead.
Still farting,
Increasing fiber in the diet did not improve Hitler's condition; If anything can make him more cheerful than before. But vegetarianism may make his fart less smelly, and he may be willing to accept it. By the mid-1930s, Hitler became the ruler of Germany ... He still farted like a horse. After dinner, his attack is the most serious; At the banquet, he suddenly jumped up from the table and disappeared into his private room, which was very common, which made the shocked guests wonder why the Fuehrer left and when he might come back. Many nights, he never came back. 1936, Hitler happened to meet Dr. Morrel at a Christmas party. After pulling the doctor aside, Hitler poured out his problems and described his stomach discomfort and eczema: the itchy and inflamed skin on his calf prevented him from putting on his boots. Now Hitler has given up treatment and asked the best doctor in Germany to examine him. They made him drink tea and eat dry bread, but it only made him feel weak and tired. Morrel listened carefully ... and then promised to solve these two problems within a year. Hitler decided to have a try,
Was it knocked down by stupid fart pharmacology? Well, let's look at the people behind medicine first.
Strange strange bedfellows.
By the mid-1930s, the Nazis had begun to destroy one of the most advanced medical groups in the world before their rise. While they destroyed the scientific foundation of German medical institutions with crazy racial theory and crazy pseudoscience, the Nazis drove German Jews and any "Aryan" Germans who opposed Nazism out of the industry. However, although the Nazis did harm to German medicine, there were still many skilled and capable doctors, from whom Hitler could choose his own private doctor. Therefore, it is more noteworthy that he chose Dr. Theodore Morrel as an eccentric and incompetent person.
M.D.-Richie
Morrel's resume left many unsatisfactory places. He used to be a doctor of a warship, a military doctor during World War I, and opened a comprehensive clinic in the fashionable Kurfindan Street in Berlin after the war. He counted many celebrities, politicians, actors, artists and nightclub singers among the patients. Morrel doesn't want to treat people who are really sick except for occasional bad skin, impotence or sexually transmitted diseases. He gave these cases to other doctors, and at the same time, he established a fashionable customer base with big money. Most of these patients are psychosomatic diseases, and they respond well to his close attention, flattery and ineffective quack treatment.
Morrel's skill in caring for patients is superb, but his ability as a physician, ies, is obviously flawed, endangering their health. Biographer john toland wrote in Adolf Hitler: "In fact, he is sometimes careless." As we all know, Morrel bandaged a patient's arm with the bandage he had just wiped the table, and injected two patients with the same needle without disinfection. "
Made in Bulgaria,
In addition to supervising his practice, Morrel also served on Kuroda's board of directors. A pharmaceutical company produced a strange drug named Mutaflor, whose active ingredient was live bacteria cultivated from the feces of "the most dynamic farmer in Bulgaria".
Mutaflor's theory of treating digestive system diseases is that digestive system problems are caused by healthy bacteria, which live in the intestine and are essential for good digestion and are killed or squeezed out by unhealthy bacteria. According to this theory, the intake of an energetic and clean Bulgarian farmer's manure will enable beneficial bacteria to re-enter the unhealthy digestive tract and restore their normal functions.
It is this theory, and because Dr. Morrel has economic interests in the company that manufactures Mutaf Rowe, he prescribes medicine to almost all patients, regardless of whether they have digestive problems or not. Of course, Hitler did suffer from digestive diseases, and Morrel soon asked the Fuehrer to take Muta Flohr regularly ... ... plus take two pills of Dr. Koster's anti-stomach-qi pills every meal.
attending physician
Hitler's intestinal diseases were intermittent, just like his childhood, and there were considerable psychological factors: he would twitch and fart when he was nervous, and then his symptoms would be relieved when things calmed down. It was only a matter of time before he turned himself over to Morrel for care. After several months, it finally eased. At this time, his eczema began to improve, and Hitler naturally attributed his relief to Morrel.
This "treatment" was only temporary, but the Fuehrer finally found a doctor he could trust. Hitler told his chief architect albert speer, "No one has ever told me so clearly and accurately before." . "His treatment is very reasonable, and I have the most confidence in him. I want to follow his prescription. " Morrel will stay with Hitler until the end. "Herteler immediately took it.
Taste of heaven
I went to see Morrel, but the Fuehrer's inner circle looked down on the doctor from the beginning, not only because he was an obvious quack, but also because he was a very annoying person around. Morrel, who is morbidly obese, doesn't often take a bath: his skin and hair are greasy, and his nails are often dirty. When his strong body odor and bad breath are not enough to clean the room, his habit of politely burping and farting usually comes into play. Speer said, "His appetite is as big as his stomach. He can not only see, but also hear. Even eva braun thought Morrel hated him, but Hitler didn't care. When she and others complained about his bad smell, the Fuehrer turned a deaf ear to them. " I hired him not because of his smell, but to take care of my health, "he would say. (Who knows? Maybe Hitler likes to fart in the room again, so that people who "smell" can't be sure who "handled" it. " )
Take this ... this ... and this.
In the early days, Morrel's influence on Hitler was quite mild; The smelly doctor only gave him some dietary advice, and of course he also prescribed anti-gas drugs for Dr. Mutaflo and Dr. Koster. But as time went on, he controlled Hitler's diet more and more, and the quantity and intensity of drugs prescribed to him increased sharply. In the next few years, he will prescribe enzymes, liver extracts, stimulants, hormones, painkillers, sedatives, sedatives, muscle relaxants, morphine derivatives (causing constipation), laxatives (relieving constipation) and other drugs.
It is estimated that by the early 1940s, Hitler had taken 92 different drugs, including 63 different pills and skin lotions. Some drugs are only taken when there is a specific complaint, but some drugs are taken every day. In the summer of 194 1, Hitler took 120 to 150 tablets every week on average. In addition, Morrel also injects as many as 10 capsules every day, sometimes even more. In fact, so many people, even Hitler's heir, Hermann G?ring, himself a morphine addict, were shocked by their frequency and began to call Morrel "the imperial injection master".
No one knows what Morrel gave Hitler. The Fuehrer was accompanied by other doctors. Two surgeons, Dr. Karl Brandt and Dr. Hans Karl von Hasselbach, accompanied Hitler to travel in case he needed emergency surgery. Other experts, such as Owen Gissing, a visiting doctor in otolaryngology, were also invited from time to time to treat specific diseases. But no one knows what Morrel is doing. Any competent doctor would be frightened by anything Morel injected. But whenever Brent or others asked him what he had injected and why Hitler needed so much, he disdained to say that it was vitamin or glucose (sugar) injection, or vaguely replied, "I gave him everything he needed."
One-two punches
Considering all the drugs Morel gave Hitler, why did Dr. Koster's anti-gas drugs finally prompt other doctors to take action? Maybe it's because they are canned. Most pills and pills taken by Hitler are unknown and mysterious, but Dr. Koster's anti-gas pills are packed in a small metal container (just like Otilos chewing gum or straw throat lozenges), which can be identified by name and even list the effective ingredients: Gentiana, Belladonna and an extract called Semen Strychni.
Gentiana is harmless. But the existence of the other two ingredients in the pills and the fact that Hitler broke out as many as 20 anti-gas pills every day on the basis of all other drugs were shocking. Even if Dr. Morrel read the label on the can, he may not know that brucine is a seed containing a lot of brucine, which is usually used as the active ingredient of rat poison. Belladonna, also known as fatal night, contains atropine, which is a toxic substance. If taken in large quantities, it will cause excitement, confusion, hallucinations, coma and death.
This is what shocked Dr. Gissing when he saw six black pills on Hitler's breakfast plate that morning in July 1944: he didn't even realize that Hitler's personal doctor was said to give him a lot of poison every day, not one, but two deadly poisons.
And guinea pigs
By that time, it was clear to everyone around him that Hitler's physical and mental state was deteriorating. His tremor has become quite obvious, his memory has declined, he has difficulty speaking, and his mood swings have intensified. Gissing wants to know whether the mouse toxin in fart pills is part or all of the causes of these symptoms. He prescribed several pills himself ... when he began to have some of the same symptoms, including irritability and abdominal cramps, he shared his theory with Hitler's surgeons Dr. Brandt and Dr. von Hasselbach.
The plot deepened.
Brandt and von Hasselbach never liked Dr. Morrel and didn't believe in his ability. Like Dr. Gissing, they also care about Hitler's health. Now, they think they have a chance to get rid of Morrel once and for all and provide him with the proper medical care he obviously needs. But if they think that once Morrel's incompetence is exposed, it will be easy to get rid of him, and they will soon understand that their actions are wrong. By the end of 1944, the doctor had injected so many needles that it was difficult for him to find a new injection site in Hitler's pinhole arm.
Moreover, as Morrel revealed to his assistant, Hitler's tolerance for injection increased sharply with the passage of time. Morrel had to increase the dose of each injection from 2 cubic centimeters to 4 cubic centimeters, then to 10 cubic centimeters, and finally to 16 cubic centimeters, which increased the probability of achieving the expected effect by 700%.
As Leonard Heston and Dr Rehnert Heston pointed out in their book The Medical Case of Adolf Hitler, human tolerance to vitamins and glucose will not change with time. The fact that Hitler became more and more tolerant of injecting drugs further proved that they contained some kind of drugs.
Drug culture
When you compare this evidence with Hitler's immediate reaction to drugs described by witnesses, the drugs he took are likely to begin to appear. Heston wrote: "The effects described have the characteristics of injecting amphetamine-type stimulants or cocaine and are incompatible with any other drugs." Of these two possibilities, "amphetamine is more likely because its injection form is ready-made, and injecting cocaine is illegal." Drugs ... besides, the effects of amphetamines last for two or three hours, while the effects of cocaine soon stop. The influence on Hitler was relatively lasting.
side effect
Amphetamines bring users a surge of energy and emotional improvement, as described by witnesses who injected Hitler. But they are illegal now for good reason: they are very addictive and have many debilitating side effects, which exceed some ideal effects.
Even if taken in moderation, amphetamines can cause Hitler insomnia and loss of appetite. With the increase of dose, the number and intensity of side effects will also increase. The psychological side effects related to amphetamine toxicity include * * *, irritability, paranoia, impulsiveness, emotional loss of control, rigid thinking, etc., which are often manifested as indulging in secondary and unimportant details at the expense of the overall situation. Because these symptoms weaken the user's ability to rationally perceive events and surrounding environment, decision-making will also be affected.
No surrender
Hitler suffered all these symptoms, at least as far as his generals were concerned, his thinking was really affected, especially his ability to make wise and rational decisions. Many generals sent to Hitler's headquarters thought Hitler was losing his mind.
It was one of the reasons why the European War ended in the spring of 1945. Less than a few months or even years later, even if the tide of war turned to Germany, Hitler unreasonably asked his battlefield commanders to seize every inch of land they conquered, even if their situation became hopeless. For example, at the end of 1942, General Friedrich von paulus, commander of the Sixth Army, requested permission to retreat from Stalingrad, Russia, in order to avoid being surrounded by superior Russian forces. Hitler is shot every day now. He replied that the Sixth Army can withdraw from Stalingrad, "provided that it can also occupy Stalingrad". He couldn't think of a way to give up his position and hold his ground at the same time. Von paulus stayed in the city dutifully. A few weeks later, Stalingrad was surrounded.1In June 943, the Sixth Army surrendered. As many as 800,000 Axis troops were killed in the Battle of Stalingrad. After the war, 90,000 surviving soldiers marched on Siberia. All but 6000 people are dead.
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