Resume of Mongolian Empire?

The Mongol empire

( 1206- 1635)

The country with the largest territory in human history is not the Roman Empire, the British Empire or the Russian Empire, but the Mongolian Empire established by Genghis Khan, the Mongolian hero of the Chinese nation.

In more than 50 years, Genghis Khan and his successors have successively destroyed more than 40 countries, conquered more than 720 ethnic groups with less than 400,000 troops in total, wiped out the armies of various countries 1000 million, and conquered the population of all ethnic groups of 600 million, thus establishing the largest country in human history-the Mongolian Empire. In its stable period, its territory area exceeded 35 million square kilometers, and in its peak period, it exceeded 45 million square kilometers, accounting for more than four-fifths of the whole human world at that time. Now the land area of Asia (including all islands) is only 44 million. The Mongolian nation has shown the world the most powerful vitality of the Chinese nation.

Genghis Khan period

Mongols are descendants of Xianbei people. After the Tang Dynasty, Mongolian ministries moved to the Mongolian Plateau. From 10 century to 12 century, the Mongolian Plateau surrendered to the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. By about 1200, with the gradual decline of the rulers and the gradual prosperity of Mongolian forces, Mongolia no longer paid tribute to the rulers. 1206, Temujin unified the ministries of Mongolia and held a conference in Nanheyuan (now Nenjiang), namely, the Great Khan of Mongolia, the title of Genghis Khan, and the title of Great Mongolia.

From 65438 to 0205, Genghis Khan attacked Xixia three times. 12 1 1 year, Mongolian fighters attacked the rulers and occupied Zhongdu. 12 18, the Mongolian army wiped out the western Liao regime. Later generations established the Wokuotai khanate here.

From 12 19 to 1222, Genghis Khan attacked the flower thorn submodule (now Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) and captured several major cities. Mahathir Sutan, the ruler of Varamozi, fled to an island in the Caspian Sea and died. 1223, Genghis Khan sent Butai to continue westward, defeated the Grand Duke of Kiev in today's Ukraine, and then withdrew. 1226, Genghis Khan conquered Xixia again, and the last king of Xixia surrendered the following year.

Genghis Khan died in Helan Mountain on 1227. At that time, the Mongolian Empire included the Mongolian Plateau, the northwest, northeast and part of North China of China, and most of Central Asia and West Asia. After that, the Chagatai khanate was established here.

Expansion after Genghis Khan

Mongolian empire during 1300-1405. After Genghis Khan's death, his son Wokuotai succeeded Mongolian Khan. 1235, Mongolian troops began to attack Qincha and Russia, and captured cities such as Moscow. Badou, the grandson of Genghis Khan, captured Kiev in 1240. 124 1 year, Batou led troops to invade Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic until they were stopped by the joint forces of Austria and Bohemia near Vienna, Austria. 1242 The news of Wokuotai's death came, and Badou led an army to the east to fight for Khan's succession. This is the westernmost place where the Mongolian army has been. Later, the Qincha khanate was established here, also known as the Golden Account khanate.

Middle East

After Wokuotai, Meng Ge, the son of Genghis Khan's youngest son Tuo Lei, succeeded to the throne after Gui You's short rule. 1252, Mengge sent his brother Xu Liewu to the Western Expedition. 1258, the Western Expeditionary Army captured Baghdad. 1259, Xu Liewu conquered Syria and Damascus 1260. Meng Ge died in Sichuan when he attacked the Southern Song Dynasty. Xu Liewu returned to fight for the position, leaving a small number of Mongolian troops defeated by Egypt in Damascus. Egypt occupied the whole territory of Syria, which prevented the Mongolian Empire from expanding to Africa. The State of ilhan, also known as the State of ilhan or the State of Ilihan, was established here.

East Asia

From 1230 to 1234, Mongolia destroyed gold. After Wokuotai, while Xu Liewu was on the Western Expedition, Mongo attacked the Southern Song Dynasty with three armies at the ratio of 1258. 1259, Meng Ge couldn't attack the fishing city in Hezhou, Sichuan for a long time, and was shot dead by an arrow in a battle. Kublai Khan, the younger brother of Mengge who was attacking Ezhou, Hubei Province, moved to work and claimed to be sweating. After Kublai Khan defeated his younger brother Ali Bouguer, who also claimed to be Khan, he made his capital in 1267, and later renamed it Dadu. 127 1 year, the country name was changed to "yuan", which was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. From 1267 to 1279, after years of fighting in the southern song dynasty, the yuan army finally destroyed the song dynasty. 1257, 1285, 1287, Mongolian troops occupied northern Vietnam, that is, Da Yue at that time, three times. Da Yue and its old enemy Champa (the Hindu regime in southern Vietnam) jointly repelled the invading army. 1287, yuan army invaded bagan kingdom in northern Myanmar, and then withdrew from the area on 1303. The Yuan Army's maritime expedition to Java from 1292 to 1293 also failed. 1274 and 128 1 year, Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan twice, but both failed because of typhoons. Some studies also believe that the fleets built by the Yuan Army in North Korea and Shandong at that time were all inland river vessels, which could not withstand the sea storms. The Japanese believe that typhoon is the blessing of the gods to Japan, so there is a saying of divine wind.

Four khanates of the Mongol Empire

After Kublai Khan moved to the capital (present-day Beijing), the Wokuotai khanate, which supported Alibaba Brother, refused to join Kublai Khan and became independent. The Chagatai Khanate was repeatedly contested by Kublai Khan, Ali Bouguer and other forces. These two khanates are located in Xinjiang and Central Asia. Qincha khanate was established by Batu, located in Bulgaria, the European part of the Russian Federation, and the North Caucasus. It belongs to the Kula model, with the Russian Principality as a vassal state. Ilihan was founded by Xu Liewu, including Caucasus, Iran and Iraq. When Kublai Khan and Ali Buge fought for the khanate, Qincha khanate was actually independent, and Ili Khan was also after Kublai Khan's death, the Mongolian empire split and the "Great Mongolia" no longer existed. Although these four great khanates originally belonged to the Great Mongolian Empire, they were not subordinate to each other, nor did they belong to Kublai Khan's Great Yuan Empire, namely the Yuan Dynasty.

Yuan Di system

(1) Genghis Khan (Genghis Khan, 1206- 1227)

The founding of Tuo Lei (1227- 1229)

(2) Yuan Taizong Wokuotai Khan (1196-1241)

Manaizhen later supervised the country (124 1- 1246).

(3) Yuan Dingzong Gui (1246- 1248)

Supervise the country after losing contact (1248- 125 1)

(4) Mongerhan, Yuan Xianzong (125 1- 1259)

⑤ Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu (Kublai Khan 1260- 1294)

(6) Yuan Chengzong Timur (1294- 1307)

Yuan Wu Zonghai Mountain (1307-1311)

(8) Ai Yu, Yuan Renzong (1311-1320)