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origin
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Medieval linguistics period
Medieval linguistics period
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speech sound
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Pinyin system
Basic situation of transcription system
Distribution area
Three major dialects
origin
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Medieval linguistics period
Medieval linguistics period
Modern linguistic period
trait
grammar
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Basic information about characters, phonetic symbols, vowels, alphabet system, transcription system and editing this paragraph.
Total number of users: 6 150000. Language family classification: Sino-Tibetan-Tibeto-Burman-Himalayan-Tibetan-Tibetan.
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Mainly distributed in China, Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan and other provinces as well as India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.
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Tibetan has three dialects: Weizang, Kangba and Amdo, which are different from Tibet.
Bigger. There are also differences between China Tibetan and foreign Tibetan. Tibetan is divided into three dialects: Weizang dialect (Lhasa dialect), Kangba dialect (Dege dialect, Changdu dialect) and Amdo dialect. Only Amdo dialect has no distinctive tone. It is difficult for Tibetans to communicate in different dialects, but they use the same writing system (recording the pronunciation of ancient Tibetan). Used in China, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan, mainly in Tibet, Kashmir and Pakistan.
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The academic circles are still arguing about the origin of Tibetan, but several opinions have been formed. Buddhism believes that it was created by Tunmi-Sambuza; Bonism is a local religion in Tibet, which is said to have been founded by Qi, the ancestor of Bonism. Some scholars believe that it was born out of Tam (present-day Kashmir) or Duowen, or like or (more). According to Buddhist historical records, it was swallowed in the first half of the 7th century. Sambuza and others 15 Tibetan youths were appointed by the 33rd generation Tubo Zampa (King) Songzan Gambu to study Sanskrit and Tianzhu in Tianzhu (now India). Swallow it because it's not acclimatized? Sambuza didn't die in another country. He studied Sanskrit and Tianzhu under Li Jing and Lara Bessinger successively, and earned the respect of the Tianzhu people "Sambuza" (meaning virtuous Tibetans) for their hard work. Tibetan language (language)
After returning to his hometown, according to the will of Songzan Gambu, Tunmi Sambuza sorted out 30 consonants and 4 vowels in Tibetan according to the characteristics of Sanskrit letters and Tibetan pronunciation, which are called 30 consonants and 4 vowels in Tibetan. Swallow rice? Sambuza also compiled "Thirty Odes to Grammar Basis", which completed the sorting and standardization of Tibetan.
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Ancient linguistic period
1, the period of ancient linguistics-the period of ancient Xiangxiong civilization, serving the ancient Tibetan civilization. It is introduced in Legs BZ Hadrin Boche Gther Mstod and Mr. Nankanobu's History of Ancient Xiangxiong and Tubo Civilization. Brda sprod nyi shu bdun pa, which was handed down later, can be regarded as the inheritance and development of this language research tradition. Although it has been endowed with sectarian color and limited dissemination, its value as a historical document of language science and an abandoned language school should not be denied at all. More importantly, we can often know some local knowledge about Xiangxiong, a carrier of ancient civilization that is recognized as dead, through its description of speech facts and generalization of rules.
Medieval linguistics period
2. Medieval Linguistic Period-Sambuza Grammar Period: Tibetan Sanskrit and Tibetan Grammar Parallel Period: This is the stage when Tibetan linguists learn and approach ancient Indian linguistics, and then apply their theories and methods to establish a standardized writing and grammar system that conforms to Tibetan. Tommy Sambuza is the most outstanding representative of this period. His linguistic works and new standard characters are immortal milestones in the development history of Tibetan linguistics. For Tubo Zambu, the "father of Tubo" has made great contributions to enhancing the prestige and power of the increasingly powerful Tubo dynasty, or it may be to crack down on the civilized tradition of hostile forces-Xiangxiong civilization and set up a new banner of Tubo culture. For people in the snowy plateau and the long river of civilization, the virtue of "man called hero" is unparalleled. Tunmi studied in India 13 years. After returning to China, he specially arranged for Maru Palace near Lhasa to systematically analyze and study the phonetic system and pragmatic rules of his native language. The king must have provided all the conveniences and services needed by these linguists-Tumi and his assistants. Through the screening of various languages and characters in ancient India at that time, the sage decided to choose ancient Indian characters with highly developed philology, grammar and perfect alphabet system as the basis, and transformed them according to the phonetic characteristics of Chinese and Tibetan in his hometown Yalong River or his new address Lhasa, removing unnecessary phoneme letters and adding several new phoneme letters, and successfully "created a set of pinyin characters that basically reflected the phonetic characteristics of Tibetan at that time, and used it to record Tibetan. He left behind a vast number of documents and classics "(Dai, editor-in-chief, 1998" A Study of China Minority Languages in the Twentieth Century ",Press: P69). Matching with this newly created writing, Tommy wrote eight linguistic works, most of which were destroyed in the conflict with civilization or lost for other reasons. Up to now, the main works circulated are thirty hymns about grammar and text organization. The former focuses on the classification of Tibetan consonants and vowels, case grammar, grammatical categories and function words. The latter is the sixth chapter of the second volume of Basic Eight Books, which focuses on the phonetic structure, letter collocation, the law of verb inflections and the semantic and syntactic relationship between nouns and verbs. Both of them have developed into the core of Tibetan phonetics and grammar research system. With the support of the Tubo royal family, two volumes, Eight Words of Ji Quzhou, A Collection of Translation Names and Yu He, compiled by three great translators, Ga Jue and Xiang, have also preserved more precious language documents for us. In the mid-9th century, Buddhism and ancient Indian civilization suffered great disasters, which led to the disintegration of the Tubo royal family and soon gained the opportunity to rise again in Tibet. The kingdom of Guge, located in the post-Tibet period, became an important town for the development of Buddhism. Renqin Sambo is a representative translator in the so-called post-Buddhist period, who promoted the inheritance of language disciplines and the use of Tibetan.
Find out, Midi Chambeyesi of Panditha created smra sgo msthon cha, which further supplemented the grammar and phonetic theory. In view of the development of Tibetan language, Russian translators began to cancel the second postconsonant -D and syllable consonant ending "A" (V) in written records by writing ordinary orthography, which set a model for Tibetan linguistics to dare to break through predecessors and pay attention to recording oral facts, and also adapted to the social needs of more popular dissemination and development of Buddhist culture and spirit.
Medieval linguistics period
3. Linguistics in the Middle Ages-the period of the establishment and development of linguistics: This is the stage of comprehensively studying and spreading Sanskrit grammar, independently recording and analyzing Tibetan language under the premise of discipline theory and starting from the needs of Buddhist theory and doctrine, and it is also an important course of localization of language discipline. 12 and 13 centuries, the differentiation of Tibetan dialects became more and more obvious. Sonam Zemo (1142-1182), a Sakya Sect, wrote "Enlightenment from Reading Scriptures in Tibetan", which described the standard Tibetan pronunciation and laid a theoretical foundation for the formation and continuation of the standard Tibetan language (chos skad) based on Buddhist culture. Later, in the13rd century, sagar's Panditha Gongga praised the enlightened explanations-Limon and phonological reading, which raised the study of language to a higher level. Their descriptions of the structure, pronunciation and phonetic features of Tibetan consonants provide comprehensive linguistic and scientific data for modern people to study dating languages. With the large-scale spread of Buddhism and the unprecedented development of Confucian scholastic education in monasteries, more and more attention has been paid to the lectures and research of preaching theory. Buddhist scholars have raised the knowledge accumulation of Naiming, Yin Ming and Manifesto to the same level and brought them into the normal system of Buddhist higher education, and Tibetan linguistics has been continuously developed and improved. The best linguist is Karma Situ: the famous Situ Qiaoji Jiong Nai, a scholar proficient in Sanskrit in the 0/7th century, who went to India, Nepal and other outlands to comprehensively study ancient Indian sentences. After collating with scholars from India and Nepal, the author retranslated the Eight Banners on the Moon and Xuanmiao Tune. In particular, the annotation of Eight Diagrams on the Moon is profound and accurate, which is better than the explanation of Indian scholars and is known as the treasure of proverbs. The title of this book is "Stuart Xuanguang's Notes on Four Tuskegras vgrel Chen Mo", which consists of three volumes and is included in his complete works, and has been handed down to this day. At the initiative of senior government officials at that time, he traveled all over the middle-earth frontier in Tibetan areas for nearly 14 years, and made an in-depth investigation and study on Tibetan grammar and communication symbols. At the age of 36, he revised and completed the famous grammar book "Detailed Explanation of Tibetan Grammar in Situ" (Visum rtags VG Relchen MK Haspavi Mgulrgyan Mutig Phring MD ZES), which was first written at the age of 30. He gave a detailed explanation of Tumi Sambuza's works, which is one of the authoritative works of Tibetan grammar "Thirty Odes" and "Organization of Characters". His extensive statement and detailed explanation of Tibetan grammar are regarded as two great works of Si Tuleideng's Symbolic Communication, which occupies a high position in the study of Tibetan traditional Sanskrit grammar and Tibetan language. The fifth generation Saidorushan is also a master of Tibetan traditional linguistics. He made a careful and rigorous comparison of the grammar works of scholars in past dynasties, and put forward many original opinions (in the last century, the collator also classified various grammatical phenomena, phonological collocation forms and word change rules according to his works for the first time in a clear tabular form, which became the direct result of many people's references). Otsu Damabazha, Juedun Renqin Tashi and Zade Renqin Dongzhu are also excellent Tibetan linguists. Zhou Wei's Grammar Study of Ancient Tibetan (Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities, No.4, 1999, P29-34) and his doctoral thesis gave a comprehensive introduction to these scholars and works. Through the linguistic parts of Dege Edition, German Edition, Lhasa Edition and Beijing Edition of Gan, and the Index of Linguistic Masterpieces of Past Dynasties by Mao Hai, Sang Mudan and Xia Rong, we can fully appreciate the amazing achievements of these predecessors in language research.
Modern linguistic period
4. The period of modern linguistics-the period of the emergence and development of early descriptive linguistics: this is an attempt to establish and consolidate localized modern linguistics on the basis of recording and analyzing Tibetan facts. Represented by Genden Qunpei. His Tibetan language in Britain
The Royal Institute of Asia began to serve, contacting and trying to introduce modern linguistic theories and methods into the field of Tibetan studies, and made a preliminary and sporadic analysis of the Tibetan phonetic system, the origin of Tibetan, the characteristics of diachronic consonants, the formation and written advantages of standard Tibetan, and the distribution of Tibetan dialects in the seventh century, in order to explore the historical comparison method and synchronic language description of local language research. However, due to his early death (Mr. Du Yongbin's works, readers who do not understand Tibetan can understand this Tibetan. ), then there is no way, so the results of this new field are not as good as those of traditional grammar research. During the period of 1300 years, the Tibetan language has undergone four reforms. These four reforms took place in the 7th century, 8th century, 8th century and 1070 respectively. The four reforms have sorted out and standardized the Tibetan characters and grammar, unified the characters and expressions, and established the writing methods of Tibetan characters. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, in order to promote the study, use and development of Tibetan language, the state and the government, after nearly 20 years of research, formulated "Several Provisions on the Study, Use and Development of Tibetan Language in Xizang Autonomous Region (for Trial Implementation)" on 1987. 1988, Tibet formally established the Xizang Autonomous Region Tibetan Language Work Steering Committee, led by the Party Committee and the government. All localities and cities have set up steering committees for Tibetan language work. At the same time, the international standard for Tibetan coding was adopted by the International Organization for Standards in 1997, becoming the first minority language with international standards in China.
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Tibetan is the language used by Tibetans in China, belonging to the Tibetan branch of Sino-Tibetan language family. Modern Tibetan has the following characteristics: 1, voiced consonants tend to be voiced, and voiced consonants preserved in some areas are voiced basic consonants from ancient consonants; 2. Consonants of complex consonants tend to simplify and disappear, and only binary complex consonants with pre-consonants are kept in some areas; 3. The vowels of single vowels increase, especially nasalized vowels; 4. Vowels have different lengths and are complementary to tones; 5. There are two kinds of authentic polyphony: nasal and non-nasal; 6. The consonant endings tend to be simplified, which leads to the simplification of vowels with consonant endings; 7. There is a relatively complete and stable tone system, and the number tends to increase; 8. Predicate is a post-expression system (that is, the grammatical meaning of predicate is expressed by the part after predicate); 9. There are rich contrastive changes between word-formation morphemes and configuration morphemes; 10, the verb only retains the simplified inflectional changes, and has lost the function of expressing grammatical meaning independently; 1 1. Verbs have rich aspect categories; 12. Judgment verbs and existential verbs have two lexical forms to express different people.
; 13, verb impersonal and locative category; 14, a single part indicates negation (that is, adding negative elements before or after the denied word); 15, which is rich in auxiliary words, often has two forms: reduction and independence; 16, adjectives and some derived nouns have word-forming suffixes; 17, there are honorifics and non-honorifics.
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Tibetan grammar is quite rich, verbs are divided into four tenses, and the tense system presents many exceptions, which shows that Tibetan has inflections. Please refer to: (Tibetan uses the Latin transliteration system recognized by China) Eat present tense za past tense zos future tense bzav command zos read present tense klog past tense bklags command klogs Therefore, compared with Chinese dialects, on the other hand, the basic word order of Tibetan is SOV (subject-recipient-verb), which is a ergative-absolute language with rich case variants, which means the subject of its transitive verbs.