1, proclaimed himself emperor.

In the tenth year of Tiancong (the ninth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty 1636), Sahalian asked Zhu Baylor to review the past and said that he would be loyal in the future, and Huang Taiji promised to consider it.

Later, Huang Taiji sought the opinions of Han officials and Confucian officials on the basis of "respecting Hao in jujube politics", and Bao Chengxian, Ning Wanwo, Fan Wencheng and Luo Xiujin agreed. Sahelian also asked Baylor to swear allegiance to Huang Taiji.

Baylor, the "foreign vassal", also asked for the title, and Huang Taiji agreed. At the end of March of the tenth year of Tiancong, the preparations for conferring titles were basically ready. ?

In the first year of Chongde (the ninth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, 1636), he became emperor in May (after May of 1636, it was changed to Chongde in Yuan Dynasty), and the country name was "Qing". The Yuan Dynasty changed to Chongde and changed its surname to Manchuria.

2. Jin Song War

The battle of Jinsong was initiated by Huang Taiji, and two generations of 100 thousand troops were involved in the war in Ming and Qing Dynasties. From 1640 (the 13th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty and the 5th year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty), the Qing army besieged Jinzhou City, to 1642 (the 15th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty and the 7th year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty), Songshan City was captured by the Qing army, and the war lasted for two years.

In the end, it ended in the fiasco of the Ming army, and the Jiubian elite that the Ming Dynasty made every effort to build was lost, leaving only 30,000 remnants of the army to retreat to Ningyuan with Wu Sangui. After that, all the cities outside the Ming Dynasty fell, leaving only the lonely city Ningyuan. This campaign was the last key battle between Ming and Qing dynasties, and the Ming dynasty was unable to organize an effective counterattack against the Qing army.

2. Shunzhi (reign time: 1643- 166 1 year)

1, Dingding Zhongyuan

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Wu Sangui, commander of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, sent messengers to Dourgen to beg for a teacher to crusade against Li Zicheng. On April 2 1 day, the Qing army that promised to aid Wu defeated the Tangtong peasant army sent by Li Zicheng to cut off the back road of Wu Sangui.

On April 23, Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui army fought fiercely in front of Shanhaiguan, which was close at the moment. The two sides fought until noon, and Wu Jun gradually ran out of troops and was surrounded by peasant troops. Then the Qing army suddenly attacked, the peasant army lost, and Li Zicheng retreated to the capital. The Qing army officially entered the customs. ?

On May 2, the Qing army entered Beijing. Dourgen invited six-year-old Fu Lin to move to the capital. In June, Fu Lin asked Hong Chengchou to continue to be the Minister of War, and to handle government affairs together with officials of the Imperial Palace.

In September, Shengjing moved to Beijing. 10/day 1 day, under the persuasion of the kings headed by dourgen and the minister of Manchu, Emperor Fu Lin was located in Wuying Hall of the Forbidden City in Beijing.

Announced that "we will set up a tripod in Yanjing to conquer China". This marked the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's transformation from a local regime to a central dynasty that ruled all of China.

Three. Kangxi (reign time: 166 1 year-1722)

1, withdraw cash for three times.

In March of the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, requested to return to the old Liaodong, but asked his son Shang Zhixin to continue guarding Guangdong as the leader, which triggered a heated debate on whether to withdraw from the vassal. In July, he decided to order the withdrawal of the bannermen.

In the same year 1 1 month, Wu Sangui proposed to fight against the Qing dynasty and regain sight in Yunnan, killing Zhu Guozhi, the governor of Yunnan. ? The following year, he sent generals to attack Hunan and capture Changde, Changsha, Yuezhou, Lizhou and Hengzhou.

In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), in March, Wu Sangui proclaimed himself emperor in Hengzhou, with the title of Zhou. A few days later, he fell ill with anxiety and died in August.

After Wu Sangui's death, his ministry will welcome his grandson Wu Shizhen to the throne and retire to Yunnan and Guizhou. Since then, the Qing army has successively recovered Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan. In the winter of the 21st year of Kangxi (168 1), the Qing army invaded Kunming, Wu Shifan committed suicide and San Francisco was pacified.

2. Accept Taiwan Province Province

In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), Kangxi took Shi Lang as the prefect of Fujian navy, sent troops to attack Taiwan, defeated Zheng navy led by him in Penghu, and then surrendered to the Ming Dynasty.

In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), the Qing government set up a government (Taiwan government) and three counties in Taiwan Province province, namely, Taiwan county (now Tainan), Fengshan county (now Kaohsiung) and Zhuluo county (now Chiayi), which were placed under Fujian province, and set up a governor 1 name and company commander/kloc-0 in Taiwan Province province.

There is a deputy general in Penghu with two thousand soldiers. So as to strengthen the central government's jurisdiction over Taiwan Province Province and promote the economic and cultural development of Taiwan Province Province.

4. Yongzheng (reign time: 1722- 1735)

1, implement the New Deal

In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), Nuo Min, the governor of Shaanxi Province, was advised to practise strict economy and raise funds to increase the central fiscal revenue and limit local expropriation.

In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), in view of the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi decided to conduct a strict inventory, immediately seized the property of corrupt officials, defaulted on the people, and ordered them to collect taxes in a short time. Clean-up policy, where there is a deficit, limited to three years to make up. If you don't exceed the limit, you will be severely punished.

2. Pacify Qinghai

Yong Zhengdi continued to pursue the expansion policy of the Qing Dynasty. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), galdan's nephew, Alabo, supported Rob Zangdanjin, the leader of Qinghai Heshuo Special Department, assembled 200,000 people to attack Xining against the Qing Dynasty, and Yongzheng ordered Nian Gengyao and Yue Zhongqi to lead a crusade, which won a great victory. Qinghai was completely incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty.

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) Qianlong (in place: 1736-1796)

1, the Qing-Burma War

This war began in 1762 when Myanmar invaded Pu 'er area in China, and the Qing army fought back in self-defense and ended in 1769+0 16 10.

Seven years later, although the Qing Dynasty realized the nominal surrender of Myanmar, it failed to win the real war. By the Qing Dynasty, both sides in Myanmar suffered heavy losses. Among the "peerless martial arts" of Emperor Qianlong, the Burma War is the only one that is controversial.

In his later years, Emperor Qianlong said, "It was unsuccessful to levy Burma in eight wars for more than 50 years."

2. Su Forty-three and Tian Wu Uprising

Since the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1), the struggle between the old and new sects of Salar Islam has become increasingly fierce. The Qing government carried out the policy of "tolerance and one component", favoring the old religion and suppressing Protestantism, which intensified contradictions.

In forty-six years, under the leadership of Su Forty-three and Han, the Protestant masses captured many villages of the old religion, and the "sectarian dispute" intensified. The Qing army sent troops to press hard, threatening to "be the master of the old religion" and "wash Protestantism", forcing Su Forty-three and others to hold an anti-Qing uprising.

In March, the rebels captured Hezhou (now Linxia), and Hui, Dongxiang and other ethnic groups also participated. The rebels arrived in Xiguan, Lanzhou, unable to attack the city and retreated to Hualin Mountain. In July, he was attacked by the Qing army again, and all 43 Su died.

Sixth, Jiaqing (enthronement time: 1796-1820)

1, Tenrikyo Uprising

Tianjin Uprising was an armed riot in eastern Henan and Gyeonggi areas led by Lin Qing and Li Wencheng from September to December in the 18th year of Jiaqing (18 13).

Although the armed riot in Tianjin was organized and planned, it was mobilized with slogans such as "Kill officers and soldiers to cope with doom" and "If you want to eat white flour, you must sit in a temple". The mass base was not broad and solid, and it lacked preparation for struggle, which was quite blind. Coupled with the strength of the warring parties, failure is inevitable.

2. Cai Qian Uprising

Cai Qian Uprising refers to the Cai Qian Uprising of Tongan people in Fujian from the third year to the tenth year of Jiaqing (1798- 1805). Cai Qian, based on the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian, defeated the Qing army repeatedly. He was stationed in Sanpan Island and fought fiercely with Dongtouyang officers and men many times.

The copper coins on Sanpan Island are said to be named after the place where the rebels saved money. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), in mid-June, the rebels led by Andy Lin and Lin Chuan in Fujian attacked Dongtou Island Dongsha Yingyong three times in a row, and fought fiercely for many days. Later, due to the concerted efforts of officers and men Qi Xin, they retreated.

7. Daoguang (in office time: 1820- 1850)

1, Humen destroys opium

The destruction of opium in Humen (1June, 839) refers to a historical event in which the Qing government of China appointed an imperial envoy Lin Zexu to destroy opium in Humen, Guangdong.

This incident later became the fuse of the First Opium War, and treaty of nanking was also signed in this war. Smoking ban in Humen indirectly led to the harm of unequal treaties to the people of China.

1June 3, 839 (April 22, 19th year of Daoguang reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty), Lin Zexu ordered the public destruction of opium in Humentan, which lasted for 23 days until June 25, totally destroying opium 19 187 boxes and 2 1 19.

The destruction of opium in Humen has become a historic event in the anti-drug struggle. June 3, which began with the destruction of opium in Humen, was designated as the No-Smoking Festival of the Republic of China, and June 26, the day after the end of cigarette sales, was also the International Anti-Drug Day.

2. The Opium War

1840 (20 years of Daoguang), the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext that Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium.

In June, 1840, Major General Antony Blaquez Rand Stransham and Charles Elliot led 47 British ships and 4,000 army personnel to reach the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocking Haikou, and the Opium War began.

The Opium War ended with China's failure and reparations. China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's history.

China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty, became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, the Opium War also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.

Eight. Xianfeng (reign time: 1850—186 1 year)

1, the Second Opium War

1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner.

The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty. The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened.

As a result, China lost more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.

2. Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a peasant uprising war against feudal rule and foreign capitalist aggression initiated by leading groups such as Hong Xiuquan, Yang, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai of Jintian Village in Guangxi during the period from the first year of Xianfeng to the third year of Tongzhi (1-1864).

It was the largest anti-Qing movement in China in the middle of19th century. 1864, with the fall of Tianjing, the capital of Taiping Tianjing, the movement failed.

Nine, Tongzhi (enthronement time: 186 1 year-1875)

1, Tianjin religious plan is a religious plan that shocked China and foreign countries in Tianjin in 1870 (nine years of Tongzhi). In Tianjin, people attacked the Catholic church institutions and opposed the missionary activities of the Catholic church under the protection of the patriarch (France), resulting in dozens of people being killed.

Later, the church used force, foreign warships came to Tianjin, and the ministers of the seven countries protested at the Prime Minister's yamen. The foreign compromise made by the Qing government afterwards also caused great controversy.

X Guangxu (reign time: 1875—1908)

1, Reform Movement of 1898

The Reform Movement of 1898 was implemented in June 1898+0 1. Its main contents include: reforming government institutions, abolishing redundant staff and appointing reformers; Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Open new schools to attract talents, translate western books and spread new ideas.

Establish newspapers and open their opinions; At the same time, it is stipulated that the imperial examination should abolish stereotyped writing, redundant yamen and useless official positions. However, because the reform harmed the interests of the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, it was strongly resisted and opposed.

1Sept. 2, 8981Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched the coup of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France, Japan respectively, and Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen of the Reform Movement were killed, which lasted 103 days and failed.

2. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

1894, the East Learning Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government forces were successively defeated and forced to ask for help from the sovereign state of the Qing Dynasty. Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea and deliberately provoked war.

1894 (20th year of Guangxu) On July 25th, the naval battle of Toyoda broke out, and the Sino-Japanese War began. Because the Japanese had planned for a long time, the Qing Dynasty rushed to fight, and the war ended with the defeat of China and the annihilation of the Beiyang Navy. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing government in China signed the treaty of shimonoseki in April 1895.

The result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 brought unprecedented national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society. On the other hand, it has made Japan's national strength stronger and laid an important foundation for it to become a big country.

XI。 Puyi (reign time: 1909-19 12)

1, Wuchang Uprising

After the failure of Huanghuagang Uprising, the revolutionaries, mainly literary societies and progressives, decided to turn their targets to the Yangtze River valley and prepare to launch a new armed uprising in the two lakes region with Wuhan as the center.

Through the efforts of revolutionaries, the epoch-making Wuchang Uprising was finally successfully launched in19165438+ 10 in June (the third year of Qing Dynasty).

The victory of the uprising gradually led to the demise of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the first democratic republic in Asia-the Republic of China, which was the beginning of the democratic republic in Asia and China and was a milestone in the history of China.

2. The Qing government perished.

1 91265438+1October1,the Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing, where Sun Yat-sen became the interim president. On February 65, 438+02, Yuan Shikai forced Puyi, the emperor of Xuan Tong, to issue a letter of abdication and hand over power to Yuan Shikai's government, and the Qing Dynasty perished.

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