About the details of Sima Guang, we will introduce you from the following aspects:
First, Sima Guang's poems
He Jun titled Duke Lu Dongzhuang, Nanyuan visited North Korea for drinking, and Fu Yao Zuo Yi, the son of Jun, was a guest in early summer, welcoming the Prime Minister, sitting alone in Hua 'an Hall, Ruan Langgui, seeing Zhang Zhifu off to prison, and He Shaoping 'an.
Second, for official career.
Sima Guang, who opposes the new law, is a standard conservative politically. He had serious differences with Wang Anshi, who presided over the reform, and repeatedly wrote against the new law. He thinks that the newly-built countries in criminal law use light codes and the chaotic countries use heavy codes, which is to despise the world, not to change the law. The so-called "ruling the world is like a bedroom, we will repair it, and it will not be built if it is neither too big nor too bad." Sima Guang and Wang Anshi, as far as wholeheartedly serving the country is concerned, are consistent, but each has its own bias in specific measures. Wang Anshi mainly focused on the financial and military problems at that time and solved the urgent need through drastic economic and military reform measures. Sima Guang believes that in the persistence period, people's thoughts should be bound within the original system through the rectification of ethical norms. Even if it is reformed, it must be prudent, because "if it is a big bad change, it must be a good craftsman and a good material." Now there is neither, I am afraid of the wind and rain. " Although Sima Guang's idea is conservative, it is actually a reform strategy based on "keeping the norm". The problems in Wang Anshi's political reform, such as ineffective implementation of the new law and improper employment, prove Sima Guang's political sophistication and stability. One sentence can be used to evaluate Sima Guang's life: in fact, Sima Guang's life is mainly to do these two things and write "Learning from the same experience" to oppose Wang Anshi's new law. However, it must be noted that the political disagreement between Sima Guang and Wang Anshi is only a political disagreement, but in essence it is a real dispute between a gentleman and his country, not for personal gain. Otherwise, Wang Anshi would not sincerely say, "Sima Jun hates Sima Guang. A man who makes his political opponents sigh as a gentleman is definitely not a villain! Sima Guang's political understanding is much deeper than Wang Anshi's. After fighting for political reform, Sima Guang left such an opinion, which can basically sum up his views on Wang Anshi's life. "Without it, you are stubborn. Sima Guang has a high degree of political sensitivity. He knows the inadequacies of political reform, but he can't describe the mistakes very accurately at that time. He can only explain his opposition to the reform through some bad consequences caused by the reform. Before Song Shenzong, Sima Guang argued endlessly with the Anshi Rebellion, but due to the lack of modern economic theory, Sima Guang could not put forward strong opposition to the reform plan. In the end, there is only the word "inappropriate". As a result, Zongshen misunderstood his unreasonable situation and had to leave Luoyang and stay away from the political center. It should also be noted that when Sima Guang was unable to fight with the other side, he chose to avoid and give in, instead of waiting for revenge and malicious slander. Some people suggested that Sima Guang impeach Wang Anshi, but Sima Guang flatly refused: Wang has no selfish interests. Why did he do it? In the face of Wang Anshi's prime minister, Sima Guang gave in without hesitation.
Yuan _ Geng Huazhe, later, listened to politics. Sima Guang, the assistant minister under the door, said: According to the bankruptcy of the official, there are only township households before the official. There is nothing I can do to protect the foolish walkers in Shan Ye, or I lose my official wealth because of fire and water damage, or I beg for it because of up-and-down aggression, which leads to poor demolition, insufficient compensation and ruin. For a person who has been an official for a long time, every time you experience many difficulties, you don't get an excellent reward for your field work. You often get rich, why go bankrupt? He also said that the servants are all excellent households, and their inferior, single-minded, female households, quality officials and monks have no service. Now, if they lose all their money, they will be heavier. Since the law of self-exemption, the poor have been poor, and the poor have been trapped in poverty day by day. Those who supervise the company and maintain order are also unkind. They take more envy from hired servants, or a county gives tens of thousands of dollars to reward them. Young crops, free of charge, are more responsible for seeing money. Money is not privately invested, it needs to be traded, and it is still half price. If it's a bad year, there is no valley to cut and the land can't be sold, next year we will kill cattle and sell meat and cut mulberry trees to make a living, and farmers will be so sleepy. I'm stupid enough to recall the service money and all the service people. If the old rules are bad, all the service people will be dismissed. Before the official, people were recruited to fill the long name, but the recruitment was insufficient, and then they were sent to rural households. Every time they experienced many difficulties, they still gained excellent and light field service. All the money for service is transferred to Pingdu City, the county magistrate, and saved for three years at the account interest rate, and the surplus belongs to the transportation department. Anyone who uses the exemption method, applies for the rich and the strong, and recruits the poor and the weak, benefits the rich and does not benefit the poor. Today, the eyes and ears are connected, and the old name can still be restored. If you are deep, you will be rich and secure, but the people will not be reinstated. "
Third, academic achievements.
Sima Guang's main achievements are embodied in his academic research. Among them, the greatest contribution is to preside over the compilation of Zi Tongzhi Jian. During the Xining period in Song Shenzong, Sima Guang strongly opposed Wang Anshi's political reform and asked to go abroad. In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), he was sentenced to Xijing Yushitai, and lived in Luoyang for the next fifteen years without asking about political affairs. During this leisurely time, Sima Guang presided over the compilation of 294 volumes of nearly 4 million words of chronological history book Zi Tongzhi Jian. Sima Guang's paradise is not only his apartment, but also the location of Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips Bookstore. The environment here is beautiful and the style is simple, which reflects the owner's interest and pursuit. His bookstore was established by a letter when he was in Bianjing. Besides Sima Guang, famous scholars at that time, such as Liu and Fan Zuyu, all participated in the bookstore. Among them, Sima Guang is the editor-in-chief, Liu _ and Fan Zuyu are the proofreaders, and Sima Kang, the son of Sima Guang, is responsible for the proofreading. After Sima Guang came to Luoyang, he moved the Book House of Zi Tong Zhi Jian from the capital of song dynasty to Luoyang. Not only the staff of the bookstore live in the park, but also celebrities such as Er Cheng, Shao Yong and Wen Yanbo often come here for parties. This is an academic center.
He said in Zi Zhi Tong Jian: "I am so tired now, my eyes are dim, my teeth are missing, my knowledge is exhausted, and I immediately forgot. My energy is on this book. " Sima Guang devoted himself to this book all his life, and died of overwork in less than two years. From the publication of Zi Tongzhi Jian to the abridged and finalized version of Zi Tongzhi Jian, Sima Guang wrote it himself, and so did others.
Zi Tongzhi Jian is the largest chronicle in China, with 294 volumes, which runs through ancient times and modern times, starting from the early Warring States when Korea, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin Dynasty (403 BC), ending at the end of the Five Dynasties (Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty) and ending before the destruction of the Later Zhou Dynasty (Song Taizu) (959 AD). The author recorded the historical facts of this year 1362 in chronological order, taking the year and month as the longitude and the historical facts as the latitude. The cause and effect of major historical events are clearly explained, so that readers can see the development of historical facts at a glance. Hu Sansheng, a historian at the turn of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, said: "If you don't know the mirror, you will want to govern without knowing the source of autonomy, and if you are evil, you won't know the art of preventing chaos. If you are a minister and don't know Tong Jian, then you have nothing to do with the monarch and nothing to do with the people. ? It's like using soldiers and teachers to create laws and regulations, but I don't know what the ancients got. The ancients lost, won and lost, and were hurt. This is inevitable. " Wang Yinglin said: "Since bookmarking, there is no such thing as a mirror." Wang Mingsheng, a great historian in the Qing Dynasty, said: "This book is indispensable between heaven and earth, and it is also a must-read book for scholars" (Discussion on the Seventeen Histories 1). Liang Qichao, a famous scholar in modern times, commented on Tong Jian and said: "The Tong Jian written by Sima Wengong is also a great work in the world. Its magnificent structure and rich materials make it impossible for future generations who want to compile a general history to take it as a blueprint, but so far no one can rule it. Wen Gong is also a great man! "
Sima Guang wrote a lot. In addition to Zi Jian, there are 80 volumes of Tong Jian Li, 20 volumes of Lu and 6 volumes of Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao. In addition, he has research and writings in literature, Confucian classics, philosophy and even medicine. His main representative works are Hanlin Cao Shi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi and Shuowen Jiezi. Historically, Sima Guang was once regarded as one of the three saints of Confucianism (the other two were Confucius and Mencius). "Frugal training, showing health" is included in the Chinese textbook of senior high school.
Fourth, anecdotes and allusions.
Sima Guang's honesty in his life should also be educated by his father. When he was about five or six years old, he tried peeling walnuts, but he couldn't. My sister wants to help him, but she can't leave. She left first. Later, a maid peeled walnuts for him with hot soup. When her sister came back, she asked, "Who helped you?" When he lied to his sister that he did it himself, his father scolded him: "How dare a boy lie?" Sima Guang never dared to lie. When he was old, he wrote it on paper, always encouraging himself to die and never telling a lie. Shao Yong's son Shao Bowen has also read this paper. A Qing Chen Hongmou said, "Sima Guang's life is based on sincerity and does not bully." The word "sincerity" was also used by later generations to define Sima Guang's coffin.
Once, Sima Guang and his friends were playing in the backyard. There is a big water tank in the yard. A child climbed to the edge of the tank to play and accidentally fell into Tanqueray. The water tank is very deep, and it seems that the child is going to have no roof. When other children saw that something was wrong, they cried and cried in fear and ran outside to ask adults for help. Sima Guang, however, used his quick wits to pick up a big stone from the ground and hit it hard at the water tank. "bang!" The water tank was broken, the water in the tank came out, and the child who was submerged in the water was saved. Xiao Sima Guang was calm when he was in trouble, and he was like an adult since he was a child. This accidental event made Xiao Sima Guang famous, and people in Tokyo and Luoyang painted it and spread it widely.
Sincerely selling horses Sima Guang wants to sell a horse, which is pure and beautiful in color, tall and fierce, and gentle in temperament. Unfortunately, he got lung disease in summer. Sima Guang said to the housekeeper, "This horse has lung disease in summer. This must be told to the buyer. " The housekeeper smiled and said, "Who is like you? How can you sell horses and tell the problems that others can't see! " Sima Guang disagreed with the housekeeper and said to him, "How much a horse is worth is a trivial matter. Telling people the truth will ruin the reputation of being a man. We must be honest in life. If we lose our integrity, the loss will be even greater. " The housekeeper was ashamed after hearing this.
Low-key indifferent Sima Guang indifferent to luxury. In "Training Thrift to Show Health", he mentioned that his elders would dress him in gorgeous clothes after hours, and he always took them off with a blush. In the first year of Bao, he was received by Emperor Injong. At the banquet, everyone put flowers on their heads and played freely, but Sima Guang sat in a dangerous position without flowers. Colleagues reminded: "wearing flowers is the emperor's order!" " "Sima Guangcai reluctantly wore a small flower. Sima Guang has an old servant who has always been called a "gentleman scholar". On one occasion, Su Shi came to Sima Guang's mansion and couldn't help laughing when he heard the servant's address. He said jokingly, "Your master is not a scholar, but a prime minister. Everyone is called' Shi Jun Xianggong'! " The old servant was surprised. Later, when I met Sima Guang, they all respectfully called him "a gentleman and a real husband" and happily said, "Thank you, Teacher Su, for teaching me? Sima Guang knelt down and sighed, "My old servant was badly taught by the quilt. "
Scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty were determined not to take concubines, lived a rich life, and had the wind of taking concubines and hiding prostitutes. Sima Guang, Rainbow Anshi and Yue Fei are very few people who don't take concubines or keep prostitutes. After more than 30 years of marriage, his wife, Mrs. Zhang, had no children. Sima Guang did not take it to heart, nor did he think about concubinage and having children. Mrs. Zhang is worried to death. On one occasion, she bought a beautiful woman behind Sima Guang's back, quietly put it in the bedroom, and then went out on an excuse. Sima Guang saw it, ignored it and went to the study to read. The beauty followed her to the study, made a gesture, then took out another book, flipped through it and asked coyly, "Excuse me, sir, what is Zhong Cheng?" Sima Guang stood ten feet away from her with a straight face and handed him a reply: "Zhong Cheng is an official, not a book!" The beauty was bored and left disappointed. On another occasion, Sima Guang went to her husband's house to enjoy flowers. Mrs. Zhang and her mother-in-law secretly arranged a beautiful maid. Sima Guang was rude and said angrily to the servant girl, "Go away! Why did you come to see me when my wife was away? " The next day, all the guests of the Zhang family knew about it and admired it very much, saying that it was like a replica of "Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun" growing old together. Only one person smiled: "It's a pity that Sima Guang can't play the piano, but only kick the tortoise!" " When Mrs. Zhang was childless for life, Sima Guang adopted his brother's son "Sima Kang" as his adopted son. Sima Guang and his wife live together. Luoyang Lantern Festival is famous all over the world. On the Lantern Festival, Mrs. Zhang wants to go out and watch the lights. Sima Guang said, "There are lights at home, so why go out to see them?" Mrs. Zhang said, "Not only the lights, but also the tourists." Sima Guang smiled and said, "Look at people? Strange, am I a ghost! "
When his wife Sima Guang was buried in Luoyang, her residence was very humble, so she opened another basement to study. At that time, minister Wang also lived in Luoyang, and his mansion was very luxurious. Nave has built three floors, and the top floor is called Chaotian Pavilion. Luoyang people joked: "Wang Jia drilled into the sky and Sima entered the ground." After Sima Guang's wife died, poor Sima Guang didn't think of burial, and he didn't have the money for his wife's funeral. He wants to pawn the only three hectares of barren land, put the coffin in mourning and do his husband's duty. Sima Guang has been an official for nearly 40 years, so big that even his wife is a typical burial. Rereading history makes people think deeply. As the saying goes: three years to clear the magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes and silver. In feudal society, most people studied hard at the cold window and entered the official career in order to show off their family background, prosperity and wealth, and get the favor, shadow and descendants of future generations. In front of these people, Sima Guang's incorruptibility is even more commendable. In March of the eighth year of Jiaqing, Song Renzong gave Sima Guang more than one million yuan and countless silk treasures, but Sima Guang was unmoved. When Sima Guang was old and weak, his friend Liu Xianliang planned to spend 500,000 yuan to buy a maid for him. Sima Guang politely refused. He said: "For decades, I dare not eat meat often or wear coarse silk cloth. How dare I spend 500 thousand to hire a maid? "