Shepherd's purse It is the young leaf of Cruciferae.

Also known as local dishes, it is a kind of wild vegetables that people like to eat.

Shepherd's purse is also known as grass protection and water chestnut. Feed on young leaves. Originally from China, it has spread all over the world. China has collected wild shepherd's purse for food since ancient times, which was recorded as early as 300 BC. From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, Shanghai suburbs have been cultivated for more than 90 years.

At present, major cities in China have begun to introduce and cultivate, but they are still in the range of sporadic production.

Medicinal value

Shepherd's purse contains water 85. 1g, protein 5.3g, fat 0.4g, carbohydrate 6g, calcium 420mg, phosphorus 73mg, iron 6.3mg, carotene 3.2mg, vitamin B10.4 mg, B20./kloc. Shepherd's purse is rich in vitamin C and carotene, which helps to keep fit.

The body's immune function. It can also lower blood pressure, strengthen stomach and promote digestion, and treat stomach spasm, gastric ulcer, dysentery, enteritis and other diseases.

Shepherd's purse is sweet and flat, and has the effects of regulating spleen and diuresis, stopping bleeding and improving eyesight. Can be used for treating dysentery, edema, gonorrhea, chyluria, hematemesis, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, conjunctival congestion and pain. The famous doctor Abel recorded that "the main benefit is liver qi, harmony." "Daily Materia Medica" contains "cooling liver and improving eyesight." Compendium of Materia Medica contains "improving eyesight and benefiting stomach."

Alias pillow grass, zongzi cuisine, triangle grass, shepherd's purse, water chestnut cuisine, ground cuisine and Shangsi cuisine.

It comes from shepherd's purse. Shepherd's purse in Cruciferae is used as whole grass. Harvesting in late spring and early summer and drying in the sun.

Sweet and flat in nature.

Functions: cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing away heat and inducing diuresis. It can be used for treating hematuria, postpartum uterine bleeding, menorrhagia, pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis, hypertension, common cold and fever, nephritis edema, urinary calculi, chyluria and enteritis caused by renal tuberculosis.

Usage and dosage 0.5 ~ 2 Liang.

Excerpted from the National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine

Features and characteristics

Shepherd's purse is a biennial herb of Shepherd's purse in Cruciferae.

The shepherd's purse root is white. Stems erect, simple or branched at base. The basal leaves are tufted, like rosettes, feathery, irregular, with a large top, hairy leaves and wings. Cauline leaves are narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, the base is arrow-shaped, supporting the stem, and the edge is notched or serrated.

When flowering, the stem is 20 ~ 50 cm high, and the raceme is terminal and axillary. The flowers are small, white and bisexual. Sepals 4, oblong and cruciform. Short pods are flat. It is an inverted triangle and contains many seeds.

Shepherd's purse is a cold-tolerant vegetable, which needs a cold and sunny climate. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20 ~ 25 degrees Celsius. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 12 ~ 20℃. Below 10℃ and above 22℃, the growth is slow, the growth period is prolonged and the quality is poor. Shepherd's shepherd's purse has strong cold tolerance, the plant is not damaged at -5 degrees Celsius, and it can tolerate short-term low temperature of -7.5 degrees Celsius. At the low temperature of 2 ~ 5℃, shepherd's purse 10 ~ 20 days went through vernalization stage, that is, bolting and flowering.

Shepherd's purse is not strict in the choice of soil, but it is best to plant it in fertile and loose soil.

Nutritional value and use

Shepherd's purse shepherd's purse has high nutritional value. Every 100g shepherd's purse contains protein 5.2g, fat 0.4g, carbohydrate 6g, calcium 420mg, phosphorus 73mg, iron 6.3mg, riboflavin 0 0. 19mg, vitamin 55mg and nicotinic acid 0.7mg.

Shepherd's shepherd's purse can be fried, cooled, brewed and made into soup. It can be eaten in a variety of ways and has a unique flavor.

Shepherd's purse has high medicinal value, and the whole herb is used as medicine, which has the effects of improving eyesight, cooling, relieving fever, diuresis and treating dysentery. Its flowers and seeds can stop bleeding and treat hematuria, nephritis, hypertension, hemoptysis, dysentery, measles, dizziness and eye pain. Shepherd's purse seed contains 20% ~ 30% oil, which can be used to make soap or paint. Shepherd's purse is cold-resistant and easy to protect and cultivate in winter, which has a certain effect on supplying green leafy vegetables in winter.

Types and varieties

At present, there are mainly the following two varieties:

Shepherd's purse, also called shepherd's purse, is a local variety in Shanghai. The plant collapses and grows, and the spreading degree is 18 cm. Leaves are light green, thick, 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, about 18 pieces. The leaf margin is pinnately lobed, nearly entire, the leaf surface is smooth and slightly fluffy, and the leaf color turns dark when exposed to low temperature. This variety has strong cold and heat tolerance, early maturity and fast growth. It can be harvested 40 days after sowing, with high yield, good appearance and delicious taste. Its disadvantages are not strong enough fragrance, weak winter, early bolting, not suitable for spring sowing, and generally used for autumn planting.

Loose-leaf shepherd's purse is also called shepherd's purse, slow shepherd's purse, mosaic shepherd's purse, lobular shepherd's purse, broken shepherd's purse and so on. The plant collapses and grows, and the spreading degree is 18 cm. The leaves are green, pinnately divided, the edge is deeply cut, long 10 cm, long and narrow, short and small, about 20 leaves. The leaves are green, pinnately divided, smooth and fluffy, and turn dark purple after low temperature. This variety has moderate cold resistance, strong heat resistance and strong wintering ability, which is 10 ~ 15 days later than shepherd's purse. Strong aroma and delicious taste, suitable for spring cultivation.

cultivation techniques

(1) Capsella bursa-pastoris can be cultivated in spring, summer and autumn. Sowing in spring from late February to late April; Sowing in summer from early July to late August; Autumn planting is from early September to early October of 10. It is feasible to cultivate in two seasons in North China, and sow in early March to late April in spring. Autumn cultivation is from early July to mid-September. From the first ten days of 10 to the first ten days of February of the following year, it can be cultivated in plastic shed or solar greenhouse at any time.

(2) Land Selection and Soil Preparation Because the market demand of shepherd's purse in North China is not large, it is rarely planted in large contiguous plots. Generally use ridges and fields; Greenhouse, greenhouse east and west sides or south planting. Choose fertile plots with few weeds to plant shepherd's purse and avoid continuous cropping. Before sowing, apply 45,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per hectare, turn shallow and carefully harrow the border.

(3) The seeds of shepherd's purse are very small, so we must be careful in the whole sowing.

① When preparing soil for sowing shepherd's purse, the requirements for plots are very strict, and plots with smaller weeds should be selected, and the border should be thin, flat and soft. The soil particles should be as fine as possible to prevent the seeds from leaking into the depths and not easily coming out. The boundary is 2 meters wide and the deep ditch is high, which is convenient for irrigation and drainage.

2 sowing method shepherd's purse is usually sown, but it should be uniform. When sowing, 1 ~ 3 times of fine soil can be mixed evenly. After sowing, tread lightly with your feet to make the seeds closely contact with the soil, so that the seeds can absorb water and emerge early. If the mustard sown in early autumn adopts the new seeds harvested in the same year, we should try to break the dormancy of the seeds, usually by low temperature treatment, soil stratification or accelerating germination in a low-temperature refrigerator at 2 ~ 7℃. After 7 ~ 9 days, the seeds begin to germinate and can be planted. When sowing in summer, the border can be watered with 1 ~ 2 water two days before sowing. In order to prevent the difficulty of seedling emergence caused by high temperature and drought, covering with sunshade net after sowing can reduce soil temperature, keep soil moisture and prevent thunderstorm erosion.

③ The sowing amount is 0.75 ~ 1 kg in spring, 2 ~ 2.5 kg in summer and 0 ~1.5 kg in autumn per 667 square meters.

Shepherd's shepherd's purse seeds have dormancy period, so the new seeds of that year should not be used, because they are not out of dormancy period and are not easy to emerge after sowing.

(4) Field management Under normal climate, all the seeds can be sown 5-7 days after spring sowing; Sowing in summer and autumn can be realized in three days Water frequently before emergence to keep the soil moist for emergence. Pay attention to proper irrigation after emergence, maintain a certain humidity, avoid drought, and pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention in rainy season. In the rainy season, if the soil splashes on the leaves or heart of Chinese cabbage, it should be washed off in the morning or evening to avoid affecting the growth of shepherd's purse. In autumn, shepherd's purse should be properly watered before winter to prevent it from growing white, so as to ensure safe overwintering.

Shepherd's purse cultivated in spring and summer is usually topdressing twice because of its short growth period. The first time in a true leaf; The second time is 15 ~ 20 days later. Apply 22,500 kilograms of decomposed human excrement and urine or 150 kilograms of urea per hectare at a time. Autumn sowing shepherd's purse has a long harvest period, and it needs topdressing once for each harvest, and can be topdressing for 4 times, and the application amount is the same as that of spring sowing shepherd's purse.

Shepherd's purse is small, easy to mix with weeds, and it is difficult to weed. Therefore, try to choose plots with few weeds for cultivation, and cultivate weeds frequently in management, so as to pull out early, small and small, and don't wait for weeds to overwhelm or hurt seedlings.

(5) Picking shepherd's purse and sowing in spring and summer grow rapidly. The days from sowing to harvesting are generally 30-50 days, and the number of harvests is 1-2 times. Shepherd's purse sown in autumn takes 30-35 days from sowing to harvesting, and then it is harvested 4-5 times continuously. The Yangtze River basin can be postponed until next spring.

When harvesting, select the big plant with 10 ~ 13 true leaves to harvest and dig out the roots. Leave the middle and small seedlings to continue to grow. At the same time, pay attention to the dense places first, and then pay attention to the sparse places, so that the remaining plants are evenly distributed. Timely watering after harvest is helpful for the remaining plants to continue to grow. The yield per hectare is 37500 ~ 45000 kg.

(6) Pest control The main disease of shepherd's purse is downy mildew, which is easy to occur in rainy season in summer and autumn and when the air is humid. At the initial stage, 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution can be sprayed for control.

The main pest of shepherd's purse is aphid. After aphid damage, leaves turn green and black, lose edible value, and easily spread viral diseases. When aphids are found, 40% dimethoate 1500 times solution should be used in time; Or 80% dichlorvos 1000 times.

(7) Leave seeds for shepherd's purse. Keep seeds for the fields. Choose plots with high drought, good drainage and moderate fertility. Sowing was carried out in the Yangtze River valley from the end of September to the beginning of 10, and the sowing amount per hectare was about 22.5 kg. After sowing and seedling emergence, combine with thinning seedlings to eliminate sick, weak and residual seedlings. In the spring of the following year, plant selection was carried out, and all weak, inferior and non-native plants were pulled out, and seedlings were fixed, and the plant spacing was maintained at 12cm× 12cm. Topdressing once after seedling establishment, applying decomposed human manure 15000 kg or phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 150 ~ 225 kg per hectare. And pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

Wild shepherd's purse There are many kinds of wild shepherd's purse seeds, and the common ones are: (1) Broad-leaved shepherd's purse: it looks like Chinese cabbage, with flat leaves, plant spreading up to 18 ~ 20 cm, deep cracks and nicks at the base of the leaves, smooth leaves, green leaves and high fresh vegetable yield. (2) Hemp-leaf (mosaic) type shepherd's purse: the leaves grow flat, the spreading degree of the plant can reach 15 ~ 18 cm, the leaves are pinnately split, deeply concave, finely divided like flying lotus leaves, green and delicious. (3) Purple shepherd's purse: the leaves grow on the flat ground, the plant spreading degree is 15 ~ 18 cm, and the leaf shape is between the above two. No matter whether the fertilizer and water conditions are good or bad, it grows on shady or sunny slopes, highlands or depressions, with purple petioles, slightly fluffy leaves, strong adaptability and good taste.

The method of selecting seedlings and collecting seeds is: in winter or early spring, you can select seedlings in the field, dig and put three kinds of shepherd's purse respectively, or choose one according to the purpose of seed selection. Then, after fertilization and fine soil preparation (pay attention to the isolation between different types), plant seedlings in sporadic cooked soil and vegetable fields, and pay attention to watering and fertilization after survival to prevent aphids and make plants bloom and pod normally. When the seed pods are yellow and the seeds are eight-ripe, the seeds will be harvested to avoid being scattered by "fried pods" after over-ripening. Spread the recovered seed pods on the film to dry and knead, and take out the dried seeds and keep them carefully.

Seed selection and retention

Artificial cultivation of cultivated vegetables for seed selection can quickly increase the number of cultivated vegetables seeds and expand the planting area. The establishment of reserved fields can save a lot of trouble in collecting seeds in the wild. According to many years of experience in seed selection and seed retention in Shanghai, the following points should be paid attention to in seed selection and seed retention of shepherd's purse.

(1) Late sowing fields sown from the end of September to the beginning of1October are generally selected as dantian fields. The mustard field with high purity, vigorous growth and no plant diseases and insect pests in Gao Shuang was selected as the seed reserve.

(2) Adhere to the forest selection criteria. When the Spring Festival is coming, when picking shepherd's purse in the reserved seed field, we should focus on selecting and retaining good seed plants. For example, in Dantian, healthy plants that meet the characteristics of shepherd's purse are left, some non-shepherd's purse are picked, and plants with poor growth and small pests and diseases are picked out for listing. Keep the spacing between seed plants at 65,438 0.5 cm, so that there is a uniform growth space among seed plants, promote their balanced growth and improve seed yield. Shepherd's purse Shepherd's purse is a wild vegetable with various varieties. Only by insisting on plant selection can we effectively improve the purity of varieties and ensure the high quality and high yield of the next cooked commercial vegetables.

(3) Do a good job in fertilizer and water management and weeding in the early stage of field management. Insect control measures are the same as those in commercial shepherd's purse fields. However, after removing impurities in February, it is necessary to topdressing the decomposed fresh water fertilizer 1 time in time to promote the seed plants to grow well and make their roots deep and leafy, nutritious and healthy. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied after bolting and budding, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be added to the pesticide for spraying. This can not only enhance the stress resistance of seed plants, but also help to bear more pods and promote grain fullness. Usually, it is especially necessary to check frequently to prevent aphids. Even if the seed plants have entered the stage of pod setting and milk ripening on April 20, aphids should still be controlled once, otherwise the seeds will not be full because of the rampant aphids, leading to seed failure. At ordinary times, we should also do a good job in canal repair to prevent waterlogging caused by long-term rainfall.

(4) collecting seeds in time, threshing and drying in time, and storing shepherd's purse seed plants. Generally, at the end of April and the beginning of May, when the flowers of the seed plants have withered and the stems have turned yellow, the seeds rubbed out of the pods have become Huang Shi, that is, they are nine ripe. Harvest is the most timely at this time. If the harvest is too early, the seed maturity is not enough, the yield is low and the quality is poor. The harvest is too late and the seeds are scattered and wasted. Generally, harvest in sunny morning, and don't harvest at noon, so as to avoid cracking pods and scattering seeds. In the process of harvesting and drying, you should rub the seeds at any time, then spread them thinly in the bamboo plaque, and don't turn your hands when drying. The quality of seeds threshed for the first time is the best. A little threshing, in a normal year, the output of 667 square meters is generally 25 ~ 30 kg.

Timely seed collection is the key to keep shepherd's purse seeds. Generally, when the flowers on the seed plants have withered, the stems are yellow, the seed pods turn from green to yellow, and some seeds scraped off the fruit pods are yellow, it is the appropriate time to collect seeds. Harvest in the sunny morning, cut and dry 1 hour, rub off the seeds and dry. Don't expose the seeds to the sun to avoid reducing the germination rate.

The seeds with moderate maturity are orange and bright, and the seeds with excessive maturity are dark brown. The service life is 2 ~ 3 years.

development prospect

Shepherd's purse Shepherd's purse is a rare special vegetable except the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, in northern China, people have the habit of eating wild shepherd's purse, so the eating habit is more common.

At present, the living standard of people in northern China has improved, and it is hoped that more kinds of green leafy vegetables will be supplied in winter and spring. Shepherd's purse is easy to cultivate, and it is easy to go on the market in spring. Protected cultivation management is convenient and successful, unlike warm vegetables, which have risks. It tastes good and has high nutritional value. These cultivation characteristics of shepherd's purse meet people's requirements, so shepherd's purse cultivation in the north has a slow development trend.