Ningguta, located in Gucheng Village, Changting Town, hailin city, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, was an important town where China ruled the northeast frontier in Qing Dynasty. Ningguta area is very vast, that is, north of Tumen River, east and west banks of Wusuli River and Haidu of Japan are Ningguta areas.
Ningguta is frozen all the year round, the weather is extremely bad, and the traffic is extremely inconvenient. Crops and grains can't grow here at all, and it is a place where Manchu people hide.
Judging from the environment, it is indeed a good place to exile criminals and punish them. But more importantly, the criminals who came here basically went back, and the distribution of Ningguta in the Qing Dynasty was basically equivalent to the death penalty. There are three reasons:
First, because there are few people around here, few people live here, and the snowstorm is bad, it is easy to freeze to death. After coming to Ningguta, most of the prisoners became slaves of local officials and nobles.
Second, exile prisoners must make them suffer, and let them suffer. Under the situation of being forced to be a slave and facing his master forever, criminals often have to endure physical and mental torture and pain.
Third, many exiled prisoners are knowledgeable people. They came to Ningguta to reclaim land and grow grain. Not only that, they also brought agricultural and textile technology and medical technology from the Central Plains. Ningguta is located in the border and needs people to be stationed to build it.
But the officers and men sent here are innocent and must be allowed to go home, but the prisoners are different. They are rarely pardoned after being exiled, so it is the wisest choice to keep them.
Extended data:
Exile, also known as migration, is an ancient criminal law. Its embryonic form can be traced back to ancient times. But exile really became a routine punishment after Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, exile was one of the five main punishments, which ranged from light to heavy, namely, slap, stick, apprentice, exile and death penalty. In other words, exile is second only to the death penalty.
The Qing dynasty had very strict regulations on exile, and the government successively formulated legal documents such as the third-rate tunnel list and the fifth-army tunnel list. The distance of exile used to be divided into three grades, but later it was increased to four grades, namely 2000 Li (near), 2500 Li (near), 3000 Li (far) and 4000 Li (extreme, smoke).
Just as the Tang Dynasty liked to exile prisoners to the hot Lingnan, the A Qing Dynasty also liked to exile prisoners to the cold Northeast. Northeast China is the so-called land of Longxing in Qing Dynasty, and it is the most stable rear base for the unified political power of ethnic minorities.
In the early Qing Dynasty, anti-Qing movements in the south, such as single spark can start a prairie fire. The Zheng family based in Taiwan Province Province invaded the southeast from time to time. In the southwest, first the exiled Li Yong regime, and then the rebellious Wu Sangui. For the Qing court, the only choice for resettling immigrants was their hometown northeast.
The Ningguta in Qing Dynasty refers to both the general Ningguta, an administrative unit with military and political integration, and the official residence of the general Ningguta. This station, originally in today's Hailin Old Street, is called Ningguta Old Town; Later, it moved to today's Ning 'an County, known as Ningguta New City. Today, Hailin and Ning 'an each have a population of 440,000, and both have withdrawn from counties to build cities. The famous Jingbo Lake scenic spot is in Ning 'an.
But in the early years of the Qing Dynasty more than 300 years ago, it was an isolated wilderness. Fang Gonggan sighed, "Gu Ning Baota, I don't know where it is, and I don't know where it belonged in the past dynasties." Thousands of miles inside and outside, there is no inch to record, and you can ask for it without reason. "
From Beijing to Guning Baota, this distance reached the highest standard of exile, that is, 4,000 miles, which is called Yan Garden. It will take four or five months, and many people have fallen on this sinister road before they reach Gu Ning Baota. In the early years of Kangxi, the court finally found out that prisoners who moved to Ningguta were not allowed to go on the road during the cold season from winter to July of the following year, so as not to freeze to death on the way because of thin clothes.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Ningguta
China Youth Daily-One Man's Ningguta