He comes from a poor bureaucratic landlord family. Educated by Confucianism since childhood, I am full of illusions about life and hope to realize my ambition of "helping the poor" through my official career. Since the age of 29, he has served as Jiangzhou wine-offering, Zhenjun joining the army and pengze county. He was dissatisfied with the dark reality that Turkish landlords were in power at that time. When he was appointed as pengze county, he resigned from his post and went home only for more than 80 days because he didn't want to "bend over and fight for rice". It goes without saying that he wrote the word "come home and come to Xi". From then on, he devoted himself to self-financing until he died of poverty and illness at the age of 63. He is good at poetry, and most of his poems describe the natural scenery and his life scenes in the countryside. His excellent works imply his hatred and unwillingness to go with the flow of the decadent ruling group, but there are also negative thoughts such as "impermanence of life" and "happiness and peace of mind". On the other hand, poems with another theme, such as "Jing Ke Fu", show his political ambition, which is quite compassionate and generous. The most famous prose is Peach Blossom Spring. Tao Yuanming's poems are both plain and hearty, and his language is simple and natural, which is extremely refined. There is Tao Yuanming's collection.
Appreciation of Tao Yuanming's Poems
1, drinking poems
Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. The 20 songs he "drank" were all "intoxicating" or accused of inverting right and wrong, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. Narrating wine records the process of usurping power in a subtle and tortuous way by metaphor. He expressed infinite sorrow for the downfall of Emperor Jin Gong and the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming had lived in seclusion for many years and was used to troubled times and usurping power. But this poem still reveals his unforgettable human spirit.
2. Poetry
Represented by 12 miscellaneous poems and 13 reading Shan Hai Jing. 12' s miscellaneous poems mostly show their political depression after retirement, and express their noble personality of not drifting with the tide. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinitely deep and broad. 13 in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas expresses the same content by reciting the wonders in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. For example, the poem 10, by praising Jing Wei and Xing Tian's "fierce ambition is always there", expresses and shows that their ambition to help the world will never die.
3. pastoral poetry
Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also reflect his predicament in his later years, which can help us indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasant class at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden was written in the early Song Dynasty. It depicts a utopian ideal society. It shows the poet's complete denial of the existing social system and infinite admiration for the ideal world. It marks that Tao Yuanming's thought has reached a new height. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. With its simple and natural language and lofty artistic conception, it opened up a new world for China's poetry circle and directly influenced the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty.
The word "coming home" is a heroic declaration of resignation and returning home. Tao Yuanming sees through life with poetic insight and touches the scenery with beautiful flowers. By reappearing the unfettered rural life and describing the natural scenery, he showed the poet's romantic feelings of advocating nature and pursuing freedom, and also reflected the poet's detached attitude of hating officialdom and staying away from the secular. When people talk about "Hui Xi Ci", they are used to praising Tao Yuanming's pastoral pleasure and seclusion, while ignoring the sadness of life hidden between the lines. When studying the text, I found an interesting phenomenon, that is, when the poet expresses joy and joy, he always uses some words that are easy to remind people of his sour heart and hidden pain intentionally or unintentionally, and tries to figure out and taste the deep connotation of these words. I think "Back to Xi Ci" is also a sad song that reveals hidden pain and stretches depression in a sense. The following is a brief analysis based on the content of the article.
(1) The heart serves the form of sorrow. The first paragraph of the article explains the reason and determination of the poet's retirement. Tao Yuanming retired in the first year of Emperor Yi Xi of Jin 'an. About the reason for his seclusion, Song Shu? "Biography of Tao Qian" said that "the county sent Du You to the county, and the officials wanted to bring him. Qian sighed and said, "I can't give in to the villagers with these five measures of rice." On the same day, she was dismissed from her post and assigned to "come back". "Tao Yuanming said it himself, which is slightly different. He said in the preface of "Gui Xi Ci" that "the family is poor, farming is not enough for self-sufficiency, the room is full of childishness, and there is no millet in the urn. I have never seen what I have learned. At the suggestion of relatives and friends, he "divorced" into the official career and won the post of Pengze County Magistrate. But it didn't take long, then "there is a feeling of returning home as soon as possible." "What is it? It is natural in nature and is not obtained through revision; Although hunger and cold cut, but it is against their own diseases. Everyone who tastes from personnel is selfish. Therefore, I am very generous and deeply ashamed of my life ambitions. " But he still intends to be an official for a year, and then "take it and die at night." Just then, one of his sisters died, and he also "resigned" and wrote this article "Come home to Xi". Whether it is his biography or his own preface, it is not difficult to see that the real reason for Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside is that his mind is enslaved by form, that is, his mind is enslaved by form. He has done many things against his will, but he can't do what he wants and what he doesn't want to do. Based on the Book of Song Dynasty and Preface, the meaning of "mind is a form of slavery" has two meanings: First, the poet was imprisoned in the sea of officials for his mouth and stomach, bent down to serve others, relied on others, sneered at others, met with cold eyes and discrimination, and felt deeply humiliated and exhausted. Second, the poet's nature is natural, contrary to custom, unreasonable and unacceptable to the world. Contrary to his own feelings and ego, in the poet's view, it defiles the mind and distorts the soul, so he is deeply ashamed and depressed. When I wake up, I feel that "the past can't be remonstrated" and "the future can still be pursued"; I feel that "the road is not far" and "today is not yesterday", so I decided to abandon my official position and return to the field. Of course, it's not too late to make amends, but also the pain of being trapped in officialdom and making a big mistake. In the manifesto "Returning to the Field", which is clear from the big dream, there is even more remorse and remorse that is painful and regretful.
(2) the pain of staying in the garden. In the second paragraph of the article, I wrote my imaginary home scene and leisurely family life after retirement. Among them, there is the urgency of "keeping birds in love with the old forest and thinking about the old pond", and there is also the joy of finally breaking through the "dust net" and breaking free from the "fence". There is a reunion after a long separation to enjoy family happiness, and there is also a quiet and relaxed walk. There is a self-confidence that is proud of drinking and isolated from the world, and there is also a natural interest in guiding staff to rest and correct their heads. In short, in a word, the quiet and indifferent daily life, warm and simple hometown affection and fresh and elegant natural landscape make the poet linger and indulge in it. We will feel the same way when we read the article. But it is worth noting that there are some striking and thrilling words in this natural text, which makes people think. "The clouds come out of the hole unintentionally, and the birds are tired of flying." Write blue sky and white clouds, flying above the dust, anything will do, unconstrained and unrestrained. "Unintentional" means that white clouds float around and let nature take its course. Write about birds in the mountains, returning at dusk, foraging far and near, doing what is right and stopping what is right. "Tired" means that birds rush about and work hard, return to the forest to cast their nests, be content with silence and enjoy themselves. Whether it's the white clouds or the returning birds, they are free, carefree, carefree and full of affairs, which actually reflects the unkindness and discomfort of the poet when he is reduced to a dust net, trapped in officialdom, ups and downs with the world and fettered by others. This kind of pain that distorts his mind, suppresses his temperament, loses freedom and helplessness is deep and heavy, but it is not easy to detect. The poet wrote in another poem "Qu Azuo" that started the town army to join the army: "The eyes are tired of traveling in Sichuan, and the heart is full of mountains and rivers." Looking at the clouds, I am ashamed of the birds, and I am ashamed of swimming in the water. "I also expressed the same feeling." If the scenery is too beautiful, you will enter, and you will be lonely and lingering. "Write that the sun sets at night, and the scene is bleak, rendering sad feelings; Writing about the loneliness of pine trees is a metaphor for the loneliness and sadness of the poet's arrogance in the world. A person is lonely enough to look at the mountain like Li Bai. "He never tires of seeing it, only Jingting Mountain", and his inner loneliness and pain can be imagined. It can really be said that "the person who makes peace is not my kind, and Fusong is alone"! Self-painting a Pot reveals the loneliness and anguish of the poet without company. Leaning against the south window to send lofty sentiments is quite arrogant and lonely. Although the door is set, it is always closed, which directly reveals the lofty and cold silence of the poet's isolation from the world. These seemingly unrestrained gossip are actually full of anxiety and anger, and we read Tao Yuanming's plain heart.
(3), travel worries. The third paragraph of the article describes Tao Yuanming's pastoral joy. Reading poems vertically, it is not difficult for us to understand the poet's ease and comfort, the elegance and leisure of traveling and enjoying scenery, and the harmony and pleasure of dialogue between piano and books. However, if we think deeply, we will find that these words are all tortuous hints of "superficial joy and inner sadness". Let's talk about the poet's communication first. Relatives and farmers, poets can talk to them about "we open the windows of your garden and field, and talk about mulberry trees and marijuana with cups in our hands." Parents are short, indifferent to officialdom, and share the warmth of family. But the poet is noble in heart, contrary to the world, romantic and elegant, with a high standard. This is far from what ordinary people and ordinary people can understand and agree with, and the happy conversation is full of hidden worries. There is no doubt that the phrase "playing music and writing a book to eliminate worries" implies that only the rhyme of poetry and songs can express feelings and eliminate troubles, while ordinary "relatives" and "farmers" can only communicate in form and cannot be fascinated. Let's talk about the poet's travel style first. "Or life towel car, or a boat. Finding a valley is not only awkward, but also rugged. " Lonely boat, entertaining yourself, sometimes exploring deep and tortuous ravines, and sometimes crossing rugged hills, the magnificent scenery is inaccessible, and the poet has a special liking and lingers. Isn't this a scene that shows the poet's hidden feelings? In a sense, the poet is a mountain hermit who abandoned the world and was abandoned by the world. Maverick and independent, the poet is free and painful. Finally, look at what the poet sees and feels. "There are many branches and branches, and spring begins to disappear. When everything is fine, I feel that my life journey is over. " Seeing the scene of the revival and vitality of all things, the poet is not in high spirits and poetic, but laments the old and hurts himself. This kind of sensitivity and sadness is by no means an accidental diarrhea in the poet's inner world, but definitely a natural expression of the poet's long-term anguish and pain. A poet who is old and frail and has a short life can do nothing but sigh in the face of the prosperous spring scenery. From the above analysis, it is not difficult to see that the poet's seemingly peaceful and happy pastoral life is actually full of more pain, despair of independence and helplessness of life passing. When we read Tao Wen, we can't forget our worries about coke.
(4) the Committee's anger. In the fourth paragraph of the article, Zhang Xianzhi expressed the poet's happy mood. Of course, we have also strengthened our understanding of the poet's life philosophy of advocating nature, pursuing freedom, returning to simplicity and keeping chastity. However, strong sighs and repeated rhetorical questions make us clearly aware of the poet's contradiction and anguish about the uncertainty of his future. "How long will you stay in the apartment?" It is actually an expression of helplessness and pain to sigh that life is short and the rest of my life is short, and to emphasize letting nature take its course. "What does Hu Wei want to do?" Denying the indecision of worry and anxiety actually implies the unbearable suffering of having scruples and doing something on weekdays. "Talking about riding to the end, Loew's fate is in doubt?" To say that you are happy and firmly believe in it reflects doubts and worries about where to go and how to choose. "Chatting" is temporary, does it also imply that the poet's choice is only a stopgap measure? In fact, Tao Yuanming can't really retire after retiring to the countryside, because he always thinks about the world and sometimes feels sad. "Wealth is not my wish, and Huangxiang cannot be expected. When you are pregnant, you can go alone or plant a stick. Deng Yu and Lin wrote poems about his drunken landscape and carefree life, which is actually a condemnation and protest against reality. Tao Yuanming neither wants to cling to the secular world to gain fame and fortune, nor disdains to escape from the world and fly to fairyland. In order to keep his pure and simple nature, he had to seek spiritual liberation and emotional sustenance in the natural landscape. Between the lines of these sentences, we can feel the poet's loneliness, anger and determination to deny officialdom and fight against the secular.
To sum up, I think "Back to Xi Ci" is a soul song with loneliness, anger, sadness and joy. Some poets return to simplicity, self-sufficiency and support their lives, while others lament that time flies and life is short. There is the freedom of surging waves and floating freely in the world, and there is also the regret and pain of strayed into officialdom's distorted mind; There are family reunions, serenity and indifference accompanied by piano books, depression and loneliness in which the world lacks bosom friends and the heart is indistinguishable ... In short, as Gong Zizhen, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said, "I don't believe that poets are dull, and Fu Liang is coquettish" (Ji Hai's miscellaneous poems). When I was reading Wen Tao, I was immersed in the mountains and rivers, and I couldn't ignore the poet's hidden pain.