Song Yu's works, according to the earliest records of Han Shu Literature and Art, have 16 articles. It is said that there are two books in Wang Yi's Songs of the South: Nine Arguments and Evocation. There are five articles in Xiao Tong's Selected Works, namely Feng Fu, Gao, Goddess Fu, Disciple Fu and Ask the King of Chu. There are 6 pieces of Fu for flute playing, Fu for big eyes, Fu for small words, Fu for satire, Fu for fishing and Fu for dancing, which can be found in Zhang Qiao's Guwenyuan. Gaotangdui, Wei Yongfu Dui and Ying Zhong Dui can be found in Wen Guang Xuan by Liu Jie in Ming Dynasty. However, these works are mixed with authenticity, and only one "Nine Arguments" is credible and has no objection. Evocation of Soul is controversial, and it is generally believed that it was written by Qu Yuan. There are still some people, such as Gao, Goddess Fu, Lotharistic Fu and Feng Fu, who think that it was not written by Song Yu, but its position in the history of literature is still quite important.
Nine Debates is a long lyric poem, which expresses the injustice of "the poor are dereliction of duty" and exposes the darkness of reality to some extent. The poet's feelings are sincere, but not as strong and persistent as Qu Yuan's, and his mood is relatively low. The theme of mourning for autumn and the lyrical technique of borrowing scenery in poetry have had a far-reaching influence on later poetry creation. Autumn lyrics written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, such as Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi, Qiu Si by Cao Zhi, Mourning for Autumn by Xiahou Zhan, Ode to Autumn by Jiang Zhou, Poem on Autumn Night by Zhan, Sad Autumn Night by He Jin, etc. , all related to the Nine Debates. This is the author, and there are many people representing him.
Poems such as Gao, Goddess Fu, and Lothario Fu. Describing women's facial expressions and physical appearance with rich imagination and meticulous techniques also has a certain influence in the history of literature. This kind of works may originate from the tradition of begging women to obey heaven in Li Sao, but there are more sentimental thoughts and less irony. After the Han Dynasty, Li Furen Fu of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Beauty Fu of Sima Xiangru, Luo Shen Fu of Cao Zhi and Jiang Fei Fu of Xie Lingyun all started from this. Between Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasties, it evolved into the last stream of palace poems and erotic poems. Feng Fu compared the "Qi of the King" with the "Qi of Shu Ren" and described the life differences between the rulers and the people. Although it is a game entertainment article, it is somewhat ironic and inspiring to future writers.
Although Song Yu's achievements are difficult to compare with Qu Yuan's, he is the direct successor of Qu Yuan's poetic art.. In his works, the description of things tends to be delicate and meticulous, and the combination of lyricism and scenery writing is natural and appropriate, which plays a role in connecting the past with the future between Chu Ci and Han Fu. Later generations often called Qu Ode, which shows Song Yu's position in the history of literature. (Jiang Liangfu)
Song Yu and His Nine Debates
After Qu Yuan, the Chu Ci writers described by their ancestors as "Sao" came forth in large numbers, which was a great sight. Among many poets, Song Yu is an outstanding Chu poet who rose at the end of the Warring States Period. He is a master of Chu Ci who obeys Qu Yuan but is unique. Although his personality, ambition and artistic attainments are almost different from those of Qu Zi, in the history of China literature, Qu Song is also called Qu Song, and they have lived together since then.
Du Fu, a patriotic poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said with emotion: "Decline": I am well aware of Song Yu's sadness, romance and elegance, and he is also my teacher. Sad to see a thousand autumn, a tear, melancholy in different times, not at the same time. His old home between mountains and rivers-empty works, empty sex platform-is certainly not imagined in the dream? ? Chu Palace Que was completely destroyed, which means the fisherman doesn't know. This poem (Yong Huai Bei) expresses his mourning and love for Song Yu, and also summarizes Song Yu's life experience, emotion and artistic achievements.
Song Yu's Life Experience
There are few historical materials about Song Yu's life story and artistic career, and they are contradictory, so it is impossible to distinguish authenticity. However, it is necessary to sort out a little context from the complicated context and strive for a more correct understanding of this unique scholar.
According to Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, "After Qu Yuan's death, there were followers of Song Yu, Jing Ke and others in the State of Chu who were good at expressing their opinions. However, all ancestors who spoke calmly by Qu Yuan dared not directly remonstrate. " In addition, Ban Gu's "Records of Han Shu Literature and Art" said: "Sixteen Song Yufu, Chu people, colluded with others, and also came after Qu Yuan." In addition, Geography of Hanshu said: "At the beginning, Qu Yuan, a sage of Chu, was released to the world and wrote various poems in Lisao to mourn himself. Later, Song Yu was both Mu and famous. " The above statement is more credible. In addition, there are some sporadic records in some ancient documents, such as Biography of Han Poetry (Volume 7), Miscellaneous Things of New Order (I), (V), Chapters and Sentences of Chuci (Volume 9) and so on.
Comprehensive reliable information from all aspects, we can basically outline the life of Song Yu:
Song Yu, a Chu man later than Qu Yuan, is a descendant of Qu Yuan. At the same time as Le Tang and Jing Ke, he was born around Qu Yuan's sinking into the river and died in Chu. Although he is not a disciple of Qu Yuan, he worships Qu Yuan very much. He inherited Qu Yuan's style in literary creation, but at the same time he found another way. "Sad autumn" is one of the characteristics of Song Yufu. He is a poor man from humble origins. In order to seek a way out and serve the country, he once left his hometown and moved to Kyoto and other places. After many twists and turns, he became a literary courtier beside the king of Chu. Although his official position is small, he once won the appreciation of the king of Chu with his extraordinary talent and sharp talk. Who knows that his political career is rugged, troubled times are intolerable, and treacherous men are slandered. But the bad king trusted him, had a bad temper, and finally failed in his duty, and fell down in the rivers and lakes for life. He is loyal to the king and patriotic, and always hopes to gain the trust of the king of Chu to display his arms. However, the monarch is heavy, and loyalty (kǔn) is difficult to apply for. He cares about the country and the people and is cynical, but he can't risk his life to remonstrate like Qu Yuan. Just treat the dark reality and unfortunate experience with the attitude of "gentleness and sincerity" and "resentment without anger". He hopes to be honest and clean, cultivate one's morality and improve himself. He would rather be poor than go along with others in order to show his glory. He is a scholar who has no choice but to serve the country, and his career is frustrated.
What works did Song Yu leave behind?
What works does Song Yu have? This is a question that has been difficult to ask since ancient times. Sixteen pieces of Song Yufu were recorded in the History of Han Yi Wen Zhi, but the title of each piece is not available. However, there are only 14 existing works, namely "Nine Arguments Evoking Soul" in Song Yufu: Wang Yi's Songs and Chapters, others such as Selected Works and Ancient Literature, as well as Feng Fu, Gao, Goddess Fu, Disciples' Lust Fu and Chu Wang Wen. Here are a few examples:
First, the style of Fu in Selected Works and Ancient Books is not Chu Ci; But the prose style initiated by Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty. This style was not produced during the Warring States period when Song Yu lived. Therefore, if we must say that they are Song Yu's works, then this "Yu Can" can't be the Chu people in the Warring States period.
Secondly, these works mostly appear in the form of dialogue between Song Yu and the King of Chu, and are often called "King of Chu" and "King of Chu Xiang" in narrative writing, which is based on common sense. Since Song Yu is a native of Chu, he can't call his country's monarch with the word "Chu", let alone overflow before his death.
There is a sentence in "Fu on the flute": "Yi Song sent Jing Qing to Yishui, and she will be a woman." If it is determined that Song Yu mainly lived in the era of King Xiang of Chu, and Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin in the first year of King Xiang of Chu, which is several decades later than King Xiang of Chu, then Jing Ke's allusions will never be quoted by Song Yu decades ago. To say the least, even if Song Yu still exists in a negative year, he will not write the stories of the same period into his works.
Most of these works are obviously written in the tone of a third party. Song Yu should not be called by his first name in his works, such as Song Yu, Jing Cha Shi, Ask Song Yu Yue, Song Yu Dui Yue and so on.
Five "Gao Tang Mi" said: "The king of Chu Xiang and Song Yu swam in the pool of clouds and dreams", which is a word for later generations.
Sixth, the common narrative of Gao, Fu and Gao Tang teams; The satire fu and the love fu of the disciple are similar in content and style. In particular, the article "Gao Tang Dui" is basically the same as the first paragraph of "Gao Tang Mi", except for adding four sentences to the goddess' words, which is actually a re-recording of the first paragraph of "Gao Tang Mi". Why did Song Yu repeatedly write articles on the same subject?
Seventh, Guwenyuan was written late (according to legend, it was an old collection in the Tang Dynasty, with Sun's annotation from a Buddhist temple in the Northern Song Dynasty and Han Yuanji and Zhang Qiao as annotations in the Southern Song Dynasty), but Defoe, Da Yan Fu, Xiao Yan Fu, Satire Fu, Carving Fu and Five Fu were recorded by it for the first time. Assuming that these works were indeed written by Song Yu, why didn't Liu Xiang and Wang Yi, who were not far from ancient times and had extensive knowledge, include them in Songs of the South?
Eight. Most of these works use the rhyme after the Han Dynasty, not the ancient rhyme of Zhou and Qin Dynasties.
In a word, there are many suspicious places in these works, so I won't list them one by one because of space constraints. In Song Yu's works, only nine statements can be verified. Now let's talk about the Nine Debates in combination with Song Yu's times, life and thoughts.
The Ideological Content and Artistic Features of Nine Arguments
"Nine Debates" is the name of ancient music tunes, and it is mentioned in Lisao, Tian Wen and Shan Hai Jing. "Songs of the South Zhang Ci" says: "The debater will change." "Zhou Li Big" Zheng Note: "Change is important, success is more important." In addition, Wang Fuzhi's "Interpretation of Chu Ci" said: "The debate is still complex, and he said. Gai also plays the role of Nine Debates. Shao Guti is a new version and can be used as an orchestra. His words are sensational, different from elegance, and Gai Chusheng is also. " It can be seen that "Nine Debates" is not only "Nine Ques", but also a musical tune composed of most movements. Therefore, on the whole, the "Nine Debates" is an organic whole in content; Separately, "debate" is an inseparable part of the whole musical tune.
Song Yu's Nine Debates used the old topic of ancient music to express his indignation at the poor people's dereliction of duty, lack of talents, old age and inability to serve the country. The main content is sad autumn, the feelings and thoughts of the monarch. These three are intertwined, infiltrated and integrated with each other.
"Nine Debates" first depicts the bleak and desolate scene in late autumn with passionate brushstrokes: "Alas! Autumn is gas. A bleak, withered vegetation, decline. If you travel far away, you will feel anxious. Climb the mountain near the water and you will come back. There are few people here, and the sky is clear. ? Hey, the water is clear. "
The word "Sad Autumn", with its first goal and original purpose, laid the tone of the work and symbolized the era of Song Yu's life.
Nine Debates was written by Song Yu after he entered the old country. In the autumn of the last years of Chu, Ji Gang was destroyed by the bad king and ministers, and he was abandoned in the wilderness by talented people. The Chu dynasty was tyrannical and decadent, with birds in the hall, gentle and playful, cruelly squeezing the people at home and hurting them; Carry out the policy of closing the country to the outside world, losing power and humiliating the country. The situation in Chu is like the afterglow of the west wind, which is a sad and shocking reality for every patriotic Chu people. What's more, Song Yu, who is loyal, patriotic and sober-minded? And the poor man's dereliction of duty and discipline (zhiì) made him have a bitter life experience. Facing the west wind and falling leaves, I feel that Qiu Guang is easy to get old, and the good times are hard-won, which evokes sadness. At the same time, he saw Yan Zi's resignation and Hongyan's southern tour, which aroused the sadness and incompetence of wandering in a foreign land: "I am arrogant and sad, and I am cold." I'm sorry, it's new when I go. When you are worried, the poor are dereliction of duty and frustrated. Lofty, wandering without friends. I am embarrassed and feel sorry for myself. "
He left his hometown and wanted to go to a new world. However, a poor man suffered from dereliction of duty, which kept him awake all night, listening to the cry of autumn insects and lamenting that "he lived in vain and lost his job for a long time." The clear autumn scenery of nature, personal experience and social environment are all sad. Poets who have fallen to the end of the world only hang their lonely shadows in the bleak autumn wind. It is a natural voice to feel touched by the scene and pity the old and love the young. In the third chapter, it further describes how autumn sounds strongly destroy the poet's liver and intestines.
He thought he wouldn't spin Kun, improve the times, save the world, and change customs. Although I always want to do something, the ruthless reality knocks him down again and again: "Frost dew is miserable, but my heart is still lucky." The increase of snow and snow is a sign of the coming end. May you be lucky to wait, and you will die with the weeds. I'd like to go straight to Xi, the road is absolutely blocked. ..... stealing beauty is full of enthusiasm, fearing that the customs will not be solid. ..... The world is the same and dazzling, why not destroy it? ..... living in the sky and underground, it doesn't work. "
At the critical moment of life, he lacks Qu Yuan's spirit of being resolute and fearless, going straight on the right path and dying without regret. But only forbearance, sadness, persistence and helpless compassion. He can't stand up and fight tenaciously; Is to lead an honest and clean life, keep a high position among the poor and be immune to it. He is noble and has a desirable side; But there is also a negative side. He sighed and felt sorry for himself, but he clung to the word "I". This constant worry weaves an unbreakable net, which makes him feel melancholy, hesitant and sad.
Song Yuzhong Jun remembered him and complained about him: "I am sad, sad, poor and lonely, and I am beautiful." It's super relaxing to go to the countryside and leave home to attract guests from afar. How thin is it today? You can't change your mind, but you don't know what to do! Complaining, upset, forgetting to eat and sleep. Seeing the meaning of Tao, your heart is different. "
He regards himself as a "beauty", because his life is depressed and sad, far from home, but where is the destination of this floating duckweed? Miss your sincerity and loyalty to serve your country are beyond your reach. He hates you out of loyalty to Jun Jun and ignorance of Jun Jun, so he doesn't hate or get angry.
Song Yu's dereliction of duty is due to the trust of a bad king and the frame-up of a good man. The poem compares those little people to "fierce dogs", "dogs", "geese" and "floating clouds"; On the contrary, comparing loyal ministers with "Miracle", "Phoenix Emperor" and "Bright Moon" shows the poet's distinct love and hate. But he only scolded courtiers, not bad kings, which reflected his stupidity and weak compromise.
The ruthless reality made him desperate. He thought he was on the verge of despair and had no chance to serve the monarch again. So I wanted to get an official position, thought about it, and wandered in the sky. He spread his imaginary wings, soared in the sky, accompanied by many gods, drove white neon, floated among the stars, colorful clouds fluttered, flags fluttered, and Lei Gong and Feng Shen swarmed, which was impressive! He thought he was beyond the world and out of the dark and sad reality. However, his loyal soul, which has been hidden for five years, is still alive. Just as he was in high spirits, he was extremely happy and sad, and suddenly fell into a terrible reality. At the end of the poem, the poet once again made a persistent confession: "It is impossible to make a special plan. I am willing to push and hide." Thanks to the kindness of the emperor, you are still innocent. "
Finally, the desperate scribe did not forget his king, and called on the emperor to rectify the king and bless him. This attitude of "complaining without anger" shows his "foolish loyalty". However, his predecessor Qu Yuan was completely different. He not only struggled with the servants of the bad king for a long time, but even denounced the bad king when he committed suicide for his country: "If you go to Yuanxi before you finish talking, you will regret your ignorance!" Qu Yuan is not "stupid loyalty".
Jiu Bian inherits the charm of Qu Fu in content and form, but it also has distinct personality and unique artistic characteristics.
In the first, third and seventh chapters, Nine Arguments focuses on autumn scenery, Autumn Sound and Autumn Meaning. This sad natural scene is exactly what the poet is most concerned about and most painful. The pursuit of the outside world blends with the deepest feelings and turns into an artistic realm of "sorrowful autumn". It is not only a natural realm, but also a spiritual realm, and it also symbolizes the social environment. "There is a scene in the meaning, and there is an intention in the scene", which entrusts the true temperament and great sorrow of sensitive poets. The autumn wind is bleak, the sky is high and the clouds are light, the vegetation is scattered, the geese fly north and south, the autumn insects moan, the night is silent, and the waning moon is hazy: these realms inevitably make the down-and-out poets associate the late autumn of nature with the late autumn of life, suddenly feel "lonely" and praise them, saying that "the spring and autumn days are high" and "the old days have nowhere to go", which is a very natural and frank expression. Song Yu was full of depraved feelings, so there was a catalyst and seed between chanting and calculation. "Scenery gives birth to feelings, and feelings give birth to scenery", which agitate and catalyze each other and further sublimate, crystallize and sprout. This situation is also strongly cross-dyeable. The poet appreciates this autumn sound and autumn meaning with strong sentimental feelings, which makes this natural scene also stained with sadness. Leaves, hay, cold insects and autumn insects are like the embodiment of the poet himself, as if all kinds of natural hunting are "sad autumn" At the same time, these sad natural searches in turn stimulate people's senses, tap people's heartstrings, and make people feel sad. It seems that the autumn colors, sounds and feelings displayed by nature in front of sad people are particularly strong. It seems that the creator deliberately tortured the sad people. This achieved the goal of "I forget things, so do I". Then, through this concentrated scenery and feelings of scenery, the poet conveys his own voice to people and arouses the emotional resonance of others. Song Yu is the first poet in China ancient literature garden who is famous for his "sorrowful autumn". After him, many poets and writers who were "sad about autumn" in the past dynasties were mostly inspired by him. The popular idiom "Women complain about spring, but people mourn for autumn" is probably related to Song Yu.
Song Yufu's artistic style is graceful and fresh, sentimental and high-spirited. His works are sincere and euphemistic, expressing subtle feelings with thousands of essays and having his own temperament. At the same time, because Song Yu is obedient to Qu Zi, there are many places in his works that imitate or copy the meaning and words of Qu Fu, which is the flaw of Bai Bi in Song Yu's works.
Although there are not many works handed down from ancient times by Song Yu, they have great influence. Some Song Yu writers in private schools in later generations often falsely entrust or copy poems; But more followers do not blindly imitate, but learn the essence of Song Yu's works and create their own styles (such as Li Bai, Du Fu and Li He). For two thousand years, Song Yu still has a bosom friend. However, some critics in ancient and modern times are often selfish, often disgusted with love, and their judgment on Song Yu is unfair. On the other hand, we should try our best to use the viewpoints and methods of historical materialism to study Song Yu realistically, so as to avoid forgetting ugliness and abandoning beauty. (