The so-called "big" means merging one or two hundred cooperatives into four or five thousand or even one or two thousand people's communes. Generally, it is villages and towns and communities.
The so-called "public" means that after the merger of dozens of cooperatives with different economic conditions and different levels of wealth, all the property will be handed over to the commune, most of which will not be returned, and the least will not be replenished. Unified accounting and distribution within the whole society and partial supply system (including large public canteens and free meals, which is the so-called communist factor) have caused serious egalitarianism among the original cooperatives (called brigades or teams after merger) and among the members.
At the same time, members' plots, livestock and fruit trees were also nationalized. In all kinds of "big projects", governments and communes often transfer the land, materials and labor of production teams for free, and even transfer the houses and furniture of members.
These are actually depriving farmers, making them frightened and dissatisfied, killing pigs and sheep in succession, cutting down trees and logging, causing great damage to productivity and disastrous consequences to agricultural production.
Extended data:
First, the birth process
At the end of June and the beginning of July, 1958, Tan Zhenlin hosted a conference on agricultural cooperation among Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Beijing in Zhengzhou. In the summary of the meeting, he talked about the reform of agricultural cooperatives. He said: "suiping county Satellite Society is no longer an agricultural cooperative, but a communist commune." ?
After Xinyang's comrades went back to convey the news, the prefectural party committee discussed and studied according to Chairman Mao's instructions on running a large commune and Tan Zhenlin's conversation spirit, which was revealed in two articles in Red Flag magazine. It is believed that the merged large commune has actually formed the embryonic form of the people's commune.
The working group led by Zhao Guang, secretary-general of prefectural Party committee, first conducted a pilot project in suiping county Satellite Collective Farm. On the basis of the original 2 1 agricultural cooperative, it was merged into 6 agricultural cooperatives, with a total of 27 agricultural cooperatives and 9360 households participating. In early July, Chayashan Satellite People's Commune was formally established.
In this way, the first people's commune in China was born in Henan. In mid-July, Shi Xiangsheng, secretary of the provincial party committee, Li Youjiu, executive editor of Red Flag magazine, and Lu Xianwen, secretary of Xinyang prefectural party committee, made a special trip to Chayashan commune, held a symposium with the prefectural party committee working group, and made an investigation in each team. On the basis of summing up the experience of the masses, they helped the commune to study some rules and regulations, and initially formulated the Trial Articles of Association of Chayashan Satellite People's Commune (Draft).
It is stipulated that all means of production and public property of agricultural cooperatives should be classified into commune for unified accounting and distribution; The distribution of members is a combination of wage system and ration supply system; Summarized the benefits of the youth team's collective dining hall, and popularized the public dining hall; At the same time, nurseries, kindergartens, nursing homes and sewing groups have also been established.
The commune has set up cadres or committees in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, industry and transportation, food, supply and marketing, health, armed security and other departments. , and has a production brigade and production team under unified leadership, implementing hierarchical management and militarization of organization, production fighting and collectivization of life. On August 4th and 5th, Chairman Mao visited rural areas in Xu Shui and Anguo County, Hebei Province, and arrived in Xinxiang, Henan Province on the afternoon of 5th 1 1. ?
In the early morning of the 7th, Shi Xiangsheng reported to Chairman Mao on the special train about the Chayashan Satellite People's Commune (located in suiping county, Zhumadian City, Henan Province). When talking about the experimental brochure of Chayashan commune, Chairman Mao listened attentively and asked, and he said, "This is a good thing. Give it to me!"
Chairman Mao said: "People's commune is a good name, including industry, agriculture, commerce, learning, military, managing production, managing life and managing political power." He pointed out: "The characteristics of communes are: one is large and the other is public."
Two, one, two college students
Mao Zedong said that people's communes are large in population, land, scale and commune.
According to the fourth issue of the Bulletin of the People's Commune Movement published by the Central Rural Work Department 1958 on September 30, by September 29, China's rural areas had basically realized commune. In addition to Tibet, 23,384 people's communes have been established in 27 provinces and cities in Chinese mainland, and 90.4% of the farmers participate in the people's communes. Among them, 12 provinces reached 100%.
In Henan, Jilin and other 13 provinces, 94 counties have established people's communes. The situation at that time was that one person raised his arm and shouted, and 10 thousand people answered. The people mobilized, and people's communes mushroomed in a month, magically standing in the north and south of the motherland. The vast majority of people in the country are scrambling to establish people's communes.
According to Mao Zedong's explanation, people's communes are more socialist than cooperatives, that is, they should gradually get rid of the remnants of capitalism and run public canteens.
The detailed explanation is to confiscate all the collective property accumulated by the cooperative in recent years, that is, to confiscate all the plots, livestock, trees in front of and behind the house, chickens and ducks in the yard that the cooperative left to farmers free of charge, and then gather people to eat in the canteen.
As the saying goes, food is the most important thing for people. In this way, the people's eating habits were indiscriminately "publicized" by the people's commune.
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