Zeng Wuyue, a 73-year-old expert on Zhangzhou earth buildings, believes that Fujian round earth buildings originated in the middle and lower reaches of Jiulong River and its surrounding areas, and were the product of Zhangzhou ancestors' anti-Japanese war. Tulou was created by Zhangzhou people in the lower reaches of Jiulong River and its nearby areas in the Ming Dynasty in their bloody struggle against the Japanese aggressors. Its earliest appearance should be in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. This can be confirmed from many historical materials. In the sixth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1527), there was no word "tulou" in the Annals of Longxi County edited by Liu Tianshou, the magistrate of Longxi County, but the Annals of Haicheng County in the sixth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1623) recorded Chen Bing in the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556). "Records of Zhangzhou Prefecture in the First Year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1573)" records: "There are not many ancient and fashionable earth castles in Zhangzhou ... Since Jiajing forty years ago, thieves have sprung up everywhere, and folk groups have built earth walls and buildings, especially along the coast." The number of earth castles and earth buildings in Longxi, Zhangpu, Zhaoan and Haicheng is listed one by one. This is the first time that the word "tulou" has appeared in official documents. At that time, there was no record of earth buildings in Pinghe, Longyan and Zhangping, which belonged to Zhangzhou Prefecture. It can be seen that during the Jiajing period, earth buildings were only distributed on both sides of the lower reaches of the Jiulong River. In the first year of tomorrow (162 1- 1627), Chen Tianding, a scholar in Longxi, wrote a book "Beixi Jisheng" to Shi Bangyao, the magistrate of Zhangzhou, saying that at that time, "fireworks were dense and castles confronted each other", and the villages below Longling (now Huafeng Town, Hua 'an County) were "built with mountain castles". Tulou first appeared in the lower reaches of the Jiulong River, which originated from the self-defense measures taken by the people in response to the sudden invasion of the Japanese army. At that time, the enemy landed from the sea and quickly moved inland along the Jiulong River. The officers and men were caught off guard and could not protect themselves. The people had to rely on their own strength, use local materials and build earth castles and earth buildings to resist. This can be reflected when Huang Wenhao wrote Ode to Tulou. Huang Wenhao was promoted in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), and became the first in the following year. Jiajing Chen Bing In the same year, the Japanese began to harass Zhangzhou on a large scale. At that time, people rushed to build castles, and Huang Wenhao was a historical witness of the birth of Tulou. This song "Ode to Tulou" truly records the reasons for the birth of Tulou. "Taking the mountain as the city and chopping wood as the soldier" refers to the geographical environment and the reasons for building earth buildings, and "the isolation layer connects with empty castles", which shows that the low-level guild halls in southern Fujian have been unable to resist the Japanese invasion, and only multi-storey castles can save their lives. The Zhangpu County Records during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty also clearly pointed out: "The existence of earthen castles is mostly due to the fact that people will forgive thieves and thieves in the next season, so powerful people will lead people to build castles in danger to prevent thieves from hurting their ears." The prototype of Tulou is the official Acropolis. Huaiyuan Building in Nanjing was built by overseas Chinese in the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904). There are more than 260 earth buildings in Zhongzhen Town, Longyan City, which is the most densely populated place in Fujian, and it was also built by the "big money of tobacco merchants" in Qing Dynasty. Because of the dense number of earth buildings in Nanjing and Yongding, they are magnificent. The origin of tulou can be traced back to the formation of Hakka clans in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in 10 century (late Tang Dynasty and early Song Dynasty). "First of all, who is older?" Earth buildings earlier than Zhangpu Yide Building and Hua 'an Yun Qi Building are everywhere in Hakka areas. Nanyang Building in Shangshan Village, Raoping County, Guangdong Province was built in the second year of Ming Dynasty (1400), and Zhen Fu Building in Shangrao County was built in the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (1 13). These two earth buildings are tall and mature, and have been well preserved so far. Yunlou, Sanrao Road, Raoping County was built in the 15th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1587). According to the genealogy, the building was built in three generations (1477- 1587). The stone tablet at the entrance of Daoyun Building was written by Shangshu Gold of Chongzhen Ritual Department in Ming Dynasty, and it is still there today. The oval earth building "Zhong" in Longgang Village, Julio Town, dapu county was built by Fujian Deputy Ambassador Huang Yi with the money of Emperor Wanli of Ming Dynasty. The archway at the entrance is engraved with "Zhong" and "Eight Years of Wanli" (1580), which is 10 years earlier than the Yun Qi Building in Hua 'an. Many earth buildings in Yongding County and Nanjing County are earlier than Hua 'an. For example, Chaoshui Building in Nanjing was built in 1549- 1553, and Qing Ji Building in Yongding County was built in Yongle 17 of the Ming Dynasty (14 19). According to Hu Daxin, an expert on earth buildings in Yongding County, Long 'anzhai, a square earth building in Gu 'er Village on the outskirts of Yongding County, was built in the Northern Song Dynasty and has a history of 1000 years. From June 17 to July 6, 2009, the Fujian Provincial Archaeological Team conducted an archaeological trial excavation of the earth building in Long 'anzhai. Within the scope of the trench, two overlapping sites and stratum accumulation were exposed, and nearly 100 pieces of ceramic fragments from the Northern Song Dynasty were unearthed, including pots, bowls, dishes, stoves and other daily necessities. The above-mentioned tulou has been inhabited by Hakkas so far. Therefore, the earliest tulou is definitely not in Zhangpu County and Hua 'an County. The origin of tulou is definitely not Hua 'an County. Now the advertising slogan of Hua 'an County is "Hua 'an Tulou-the source of Tulou", which is the result of commercial impulse after the government contracted Tulou to the company. When the Japanese invaders invaded, the round earth building had entered a mature stage. Zeng Wuyue said: "A large number of earthen cities, walls, buildings and castles in the late Ming Dynasty, especially in coastal areas, such as the famous Zhaojiabao in Zhangpu, were indeed the products of the famous national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Without the catalyst of war, it is difficult to rise and prosper. " [6] At the same time, it also lists the records of Zhangzhou coastal residents using earthen castles to resist the Japanese pirates. According to historical records, the Japanese invaders invaded Fujian and Zhejiang, mainly plundering property, not occupying land, with short time and great mobility. They burned, killed and looted all the way, and then returned to Japan or rushed to the next stop, while others hid on the island and waited for another crime. The main area of its harm is the coastal plain of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian, not the mountainous area. Tulou played a role in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which is different from the origin of round tulou. When the Japanese invaders invaded, the round earth building had entered a mature stage, such as the Yun Qi building on the third floor of Hua 'an Wan Li, the birthplace of the so-called earth building. Yun Qi buildings have high stone walls on the first floor and windows on the first floor, so the defense function is seldom considered. This also proves that Yun Qi architecture was handed down after the Hakka earth building was quite mature. From the last article "Who is older? According to many early earth buildings mentioned in Fujian and Guangdong, it took hundreds of years for earth buildings to play a role in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the function of tulou was mainly to live together and defend against thieves. In recent years, a professor and doctoral supervisor of Fujian Normal University found that the earliest earth buildings in Yong 'an in Sanming Hakka area in western Fujian were two earth buildings built at the junction of Yong 'an and Liancheng in the 38th year of Jiajing (1559). At that time, there was chaos at the turn of Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. In order to cope with the continuous large-scale social unrest in this area, the imperial court set up governors of Nangan in Ganzhou, Nan 'an, Zhangzhou, Tingzhou, Chaozhou, Huizhou, Shaozhou, Guangzhou and Chenzhou, Hunan, and the office of the governor was located in Ganzhou, commonly known as the front desk.