First, leave the Rick dynasty
In the 6th century BC, primitive tribes living in the Dnieper River valley formed a tribal alliance centered on Baolia people, and they were called Ross people because they lived on both sides of the branch of Dnieper River. Mongolians transliterate Russian as "Russia".
In the 9th century AD, Ryurik, the leader of the Waliangmu people from Northern Europe, conquered the Russians and established the first country in Russian history. In 882, the Liulichang dynasty made Kiev its capital, known as Kiev Ross. At this time, although there have been classes and rich and poor, the rural commune system has been deeply rooted for nearly 800 years and has become a prominent feature of the Russian nation.
At the beginning of the dynasty, Suogong system was implemented internally. Every spring and summer, the Grand Duke of Russia leads the army to collect handicrafts, honey, beeswax and other items from civilian businessmen. 1 1 century, Ross's talents changed from primitive productivity to feudal system.
With the development of economy and culture, Kiev Ross has been expanding through war. In 988, Archduke Vladimir baptized all Russians, converted to Orthodox Christianity and abandoned polytheism.
Ross, who converted to the Orthodox Church, strengthened his cultural integration with Western Europe and Byzantium. Kiev has become a traffic artery connecting East and West Europe. With the development of business, Ross began to develop handicrafts, and Kiev also opened a sword-casting workshop.
Russia in Kiev became the largest country in Europe in the Middle Ages, with magnificent palaces, magnificent churches and strong walls, and the famous Sophia Church was built in the city.
During the Mongol rule,
1 1 In the second half of the century, due to the struggle for the throne and the uneven development of primitive serfdom productivity in various places, the invasion of Poland, Northern Europe and Western Europe caused the division of Kiev Ross.
/kloc-In the 20th century, Mongolians who rose on Mongolian grasslands crossed Eurasia with their brave cavalry, flexible outflanking and containment tactics and iron-blooded discipline. Each of them owns two horses. They eat horse meat when they are hungry and drink horse blood when they are thirsty. They trudge 200-300 kilometers day and night. Wherever the Mongols went, cities were reduced to ashes, and people were bleeding into rivers. They built an unprecedented empire. China (including Mongolia) was directly under the jurisdiction of Khan and was used by the Yuan Dynasty. The State of ilhan includes Iranian, Afghan and most Arab countries. The Chagatai Khanate includes most of Central Asia, and the Golden Account Khanate governs North Asia and Eastern Europe. The Indian khanate covers South Asia. The influence of the Mongolian empire once reached the Apennine Peninsula, the Greek Peninsula, the Baltic Sea, Germany, Poland and Indonesia. Except Japan, Britain, western Europe and some remote islands, the whole Eurasia is under the iron hoof of Mongolia. From 1240, Prince Ross and the church became slaves of the Golden Horde. Khan's representative lives in the most luxurious house in the city of Ross. They urged taxes and issued orders. Both the prince and the priest are humble because they are afraid of poor service. Every year, the princes pay tribute to Khan regularly and accept their orders as evidence of their own rule.
240 years of Mongolian rule has brought Russia's economy, culture and development to a standstill. /kloc-in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the destroyed cities began to be rebuilt, handicrafts and agriculture began to recover, and the development of commerce also strengthened the ties between various regions in Ross.
Mongolian rule is becoming more and more unbearable for the Russian people. With the rise of princes and princes everywhere, they urgently need to gain independent status. Church forces, businessmen and serf owners all want to get the right to collect taxes from Khan, and ordinary people also blame Mongols for their sufferings.
/kloc-After the Mongols withdrew from China in the 4th century, they suffered great failures in Central Asia and India. Coupled with the intrigue between the princes, the Golden Horde began to decline.
/kloc-in the 0/4th century, the principality of Moscow rose. Moscow is located in Europe, far from the ruling center of the Golden Horde, and is covered by forests and swamps. A large number of Russians found refuge there. Archduke Moss used his power to gain the right over other archduke from Khan, the golden tent khanate, and greatly strengthened his prestige in the name of Khan.
1480, Russian Ivan III of Russia defeated the Mongols. Ross broke away from Mongolian rule.
Ruled by Mongolia, Ross learned excellent military technology and inherited the vast territory and cruel autocratic system of the Golden Horde. Since then, Russians have not understood what is "freedom", "equality" and "democracy" for hundreds of years. The enlightenment thought of reappearing the individual values in western Europe is incomprehensible to Russians. They regard "freedom" as lawlessness, "equality" as "equal wealth", and democracy is just "the people are the masters of the country". Ross took the direction of the three major civilizations (China, Islam and Indian) that were neither western Europe nor the East. They call themselves "Eurasian".
The long-term war has cultivated the Russian character of flowing water. Nobles fight, farmers farm,
"National mobility", "autocracy" and "rural commune" have become three chronic diseases in Russia. The relative expansion of the military aristocracy made the rural labor force scarce, and Ross went to the road of serfdom.
Ivan the Red Emperor (1533- 1544) further deepened the feudal system, attacked and weakened the aristocratic forces, fought for years and expanded the territory.
1598, the Lilik dynasty lost its heir and the Poles invaded on a large scale. Russians revolted in succession, attacked the Polish invaders and restored national independence.
1605, Godunov died suddenly, and Ross entered the "chaotic era". After Minen and Bo Zalsky of Nizhny Novgorod led the militia to drive the Polish invaders out of Moscow, the unrest finally came to an end. 16 13 years, the nobles elected Mikhail romanov, a relative of Ivan iv, who was 16 years old, as the new czar and established the Romanov dynasty.
Second, the Romanov dynasty.
Romanov dynasty began in 16 13, and the first czar was Mikhail. His throne was not handed over, robbed or stolen. It can be said that it was picked up or invited. Mikhail's aunt is the queen of Tsar Ivan. Although Mikhail's father was highly valued by the czar, he had already met with bad luck. His parents were forced to separate, and both of them were exiled to a monastery as monks and nuns, so Mikhail grew up in the monastery. Father went back to join the army and was captured by the Germans. After the death of Tsar Ivan's son, Russia fell into chaos in 15. From Ivan's tyranny to troubled times, the life of Russians is not easy. But the Romanov family finally got lucky. Some Orthodox churches and secular people invited nuns and their sons to leave the temple and made Mikhail a czar. 16-year-old Mikhail's throne is said to come from the virtue of his aunt, Queen Ivan. After Mikhail came to power, he redeemed his father from the German prison camp in 16 19 and handed over the real power of governing the country to his father. At that time, the Russian royal family tried to climb relatives with other royal families in Europe, but they ran into a wall everywhere. Some royals have never even met relatives sent by Mikhail's father. It's not just the new tsar that the European royal family looks down upon. At that time, European countries were self-centered, despised Russia, excluded it from Europe and regarded Russia as an Asian country. Romanov family members fought inhumanely for the imperial power, but in Qiang Bing, a rich country, they were consistent in the process of Europeanization (which was synonymous with Russian modernization at that time). Among them, Peter the Great and Catherine II had the greatest influence.
Although he is the grandson of Mikhail, the throne of Peter the Great is hard to get. His father Alexei became czar at the age of 1645 after Mikhail's death. Of the children born to Alexei and the first queen, only two sons and one daughter survived. The two sons were sickly and the youngest was born with dementia. Of the children born to Peter's mother and the tsar, only Peter lived to adulthood and was strong. After Peter's father died, his half-brother succeeded to the throne. Died six years later, childless. The dignitaries decided to make Peter 10 a czar. However, Peter's half-sister, Sophia, relied on her minions and court guards, forcing dignitaries and dementia patients older than Peter to become the same czar, ranking by age, in order to make Sophia regent. Sophia also carried out some Europeanization measures to let her minions lead troops to fight, but the effect was not great. Young Peter likes western culture. I often go to the foreign embassy district in Moscow to hear and witness the culture of Western Europe. He is tall and grumpy, likes playing military games, forming two regiments, recruiting foreign "military advisers" from the embassy district and collecting guns from the state treasury. 1689, 17-year-old Peter relied on these two regiments with 1000 officers and men, forcing Sophia to abdicate and become a nun.
After Peter took office, he sent a delegation to visit Western Europe in 1697 (pretending to be a junior official at first). In a year and a half, he witnessed various facts in Western Europe, including hospitals, museums, observatories and various factories, including mint and military factories. Peter's favorite shipyard, including Holland and England, stayed in the best British shipyard for six weeks. After Peter returned to China, he carried out "total westernization". The clothing style was changed to western European style, and the subjects had to shave (the powerful church opposed it at that time), and the first Russian Anatomy Museum was established.
Peter carried out political reform, encouraged industrialization and was busy with domestic and foreign affairs. The army became more and more brave in the Vietnam War, and the navy also grew from scratch, first on land, and then at sea with the First Baltic Fleet, defeating Sweden, a powerful country at that time, and also defeating the Ottoman Empire. Russia won a piece of land near the Baltic Sea from Sweden, a country that didn't care much about itself before, and became the western part of Russia. On this land, Peter the Great ordered the design and construction of St. Petersburg. Most of the time, the capital of Russia was moved to St. Petersburg, not Moscow.
During the reign of Peter the Great, corrupt officials were severely punished, but the problem of corruption became more and more serious. He encountered the problem of succession to the throne. His relationship with the first queen changed within a few weeks of marriage. Although he had a son, Peter drove her to a nun soon after he came back from Western Europe. Later, he transferred a Lithuanian woman from Chernikov, who was his close friend. He liked her so much that she became an example for those who had children to attend the wedding, that is, the husband and children would get married again. Most of the four sons and six daughters born to the second queen died young, leaving only two women. The son of the first queen was later sentenced to death for trying to resist his father. Until Peter the Great died in 1725, the son of the first queen left Peter a grandson who was only 9 years old. Finally, in the absence of a clear will of Peter the Great, some powerful people turned to a letter from Peter the Great, which praised his queen for helping the emperor well, as a theoretical basis for passing the throne to Peter's second queen. The second queen was succeeded by Catherine I, who ruled for two years with the help of Menchennikov. Since he had no children, he passed it on to his grandson (Peter Alekseyevich Romanov) after his death, and his grandson 1 1 year old. But he died less than three years in office. Since then, the succession to the throne has fallen into chaos.
Elizabeth, the second daughter of Catherine I and Peter the Great, tried to succeed to the throne, but failed. Because a daughter of Peter the Great's demented brother (Ivan V of Russia, Russia) married Anna, Anna returned to Russia because she was widowed in a small principality in Central Europe, and high-ranking dignitaries named her queen, with the proviso that she would sign a secret agreement, that is, all major events must be approved by these people. Queen Anna agreed at first, but soon tore up the agreement. It's a pity that she is clever in politics and governance. She invited many foreigners from the small duchy of Germany, where she married, to hold several important positions. She is Europeanized in appearance and lacks the promotion of national strength.
Anna reigned for ten years (1730- 1740) and passed it on to her three-month-old grandson (Ivan VI). Only one year later, Catherine I and Peter the Great's daughter Elizabeth, with the support of court guards, overthrew the Regent, abolished the little tsar and imprisoned him for life, and Elizabeth herself became the queen.
Queen Elizabeth reigned for twenty years (1741-1761), which injected new impetus into the policies of her father Peter the Great. It defeated Prussia in the "Seven Years' War" and culturally developed a new period of Russian culture. Romanov and Sue marov were both born in the Elizabethan era. Fisherman romanov is recognized as the first great Russian scientist. He has made outstanding achievements in all fields of chemical physics. He is versatile, and Pushkin called him a historian, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet. Born into a noble family, Su marov made great contributions to Russian literature and drama. Queen Elizabeth accepted romanov's suggestion and established the first Russian university, the prestigious Moscow University, in 1755. After the Elizabethan era, the westernization of culture initiated by Peter the Great was generally accepted by the Russian aristocratic class, which even caused "worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things" and increased the difference between the aristocratic class and the common people. In the family, Elizabeth took her sister's son Peter back from abroad and helped him marry Catherine, the wife of another small principality in Central Europe. Less than half a year after Elizabeth's death, Peter III succeeded to the throne. Kathleen forced her husband to give up the throne and become a queen on his own because of her luck and the support of court guards. Her minions found an excuse to anger the imprisoned Peter III and killed him. The official announced that his death was "acute intestinal spasm, and the attempt to treat it was ineffective."
Catherine II is not related to the Romanov family. As a German, she is worried that Ivan VI, who was imprisoned for nearly 2 1 year, was deposed by Elizabeth from 15 months. When he was a child, he took the blame for his aunt and mother. The young man who was locked up by his aunt was finally killed by someone instructed by his aunt. He was born in the royal family and died miserably.
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, reigned for thirty-four years (1762- 1796). Although he is German, he makes Russians full of national spirit. At the beginning of the succession, the army and the country were reorganized, and Bodenkin, a favorite, established a new city to jointly build the Black Sea Fleet. Later, the peasant uprising was suppressed, and then the Ottoman Empire was fought, Poland was carved up and Russian territory was expanded. On the "Westernization Route", familiar with Western European culture, she updated laws, sent aristocratic youth to study abroad, and introduced Western European literature and philosophy. Catherine the Great supported foreign and domestic "intellectuals" to publish books with money and power. She likes Voltaire in France and works of art in Western Europe. At this time, the popularity of Westernization in Russia is also more common, and it is no longer limited to big cities.
Catherine II gave more preferential treatment to aristocratic manor owners at the expense of farmers' interests, hoping to consolidate their loyalty or support to foreign queens. She also used some of her favorites to help the government. Among them, Bodenkin is the most effective, and the last one, Zhu Bofu, who is nearly forty years younger than her, knows nothing about her state affairs. In the late period of Catherine II, she could not tolerate the "alien" situation brought about by the westernization thought she had strongly advocated. Rakishev, Novikov and other writers who came from noble families but were dissatisfied with reality were exiled to Siberia or imprisoned because they dared to describe the present situation of Russian countryside and discuss different opinions in their works. 1789 After the French Revolution, Catherine II even ordered to stop translating some western works that she had previously proposed to be translated into Russian, and banned the publication of books that she had previously advocated. Since then, a top-down westernization process began with the tsar, and the people began to get ahead politically and ideologically, and began to have conflicts of interest with the tsar regime. In the heyday of the czar regime, the seeds were finally overthrown, although this process has gone through more than one hundred years. /kloc-the most memorable thing for Russian czars in the 0/9th century was the war between Alexander I and Napoleon ("the First Great Patriotic War", 18 12 lost Moscow, 18 14 captured Paris). /kloc-Russia in the 0/9th century was also active among the people. A large number of talented people, including: poet Pushkin, writer Karamkin, lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, critic belinsky, musician Tchaikovsky, etc.
Although Paul I solved the problem of inheritance within the Romanov family, the relationship between the "clique" of the Tsar family and the awakened masses was not solved. Alexander I tried to create constitutional and administrative reforms, but he could not let go of absolute power. Some intellectuals who helped plan were later exiled. In the later period of Alexander I, he died mysteriously in other places because of religious fanaticism. Nicholas I's Succession and "The Decemberists" Uprising. The young officers who revolted were finally suppressed by the czar by force. Nicholas I ruled Russia militarily and politically, established a censorship system for publications, and personally invited Pushkin to "advise" his works. While "rehabilitating" and making use of exiles, he set up a special agency to monitor possible political dissidents nationwide. He also asked his "elite" (including a former exile) to advise on the reform. Although these measures did not stop the decline of imperial power in western Europe, the tsar always thought that Russia had Russian national conditions, which was of course the tsar's own version. Nicholas I hired a teacher to teach his son Alexander II, so that when he was young, he traveled to many places in Russia, went to various European countries and directly participated in politics.
After Alexander II succeeded to the throne, he carried out major reforms. With the help of Miliuddin, he promulgated the law of emancipating serfs, bought the land of the manor owner and owned it collectively by the peasants. He was also assisted by the Milutin brothers and others, who kept proposing major administrative, legal and military reform bills. Alexander II was the only czar who was killed by revolutionaries when he was in power. After his son Alexander III succeeded to the throne, he followed the rules in economic development, but went backwards in politics. Revolutionaries, liberals, students, employees and peasants were severely suppressed and gained superficial stability. Alexander III finally died of nephritis.
The stability of Alexander III under high pressure could not be maintained by his son Nicholas II. 1905, a general strike broke out in Russia. After being suppressed by force, Nicholas II believed that the Russian people should sympathize with their czar. He didn't adopt the reforms suggested by some elites, or the reforms were too slow and too little. The tsar listened to the queen. In the era of great changes in the country's situation, he was insensitive and keen on the small circle formed by the Queen, which included mediocre people and eccentric people (such as "farmer sage" rasputin). 19 17 When the revolution broke out in February, the lower class and the upper class rebelled together, and Nicholas II was forced to give up his position on the train because he could not even go home in other places.