First, the era of a hundred schools of thought contend
A hundred schools of thought contend, which refers to the emergence of different schools and the struggle for beauty among various family schools during the 550 years from the early Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC) to the end of the Warring States Period (22 BC1year).
2. The origin of a hundred schools of thought contend
A hundred schools of thought contend is not equal to 100 schools.
According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 189 kinds of books and 4,324 kinds of works that can be counted as names.
Later, thousands of "Hundred Schools" were recorded in Sui Shu Jingji Zhi and Sikuquanshu Catalogue.
Only 12 schools have great influence, wide spread and high popularity, and can develop into schools.
Other schools either declined, or lost the election, or fell into Sun Shan, or merged into the mainstream schools of 12.
12 school is: Confucianism, Taoism, France, soldiers, Mohism, military strategist, sage, peasant family, yin and yang family, famous writer, novelist and Ji Fang.
Three. 12 university school profile (figures, works, etc. Only related to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, not including before and after the Spring and Autumn Period)
1. Confucianism
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi
Representative works: Poetry, Books, Rites, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period.
The school theme: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, forgiveness, loyalty and filial piety.
Confucianism, also known as Confucianism and Confucianism, is the mainstream cultural thought, philosophy and religious system founded by Confucius, which originated in China and influenced and spread to other neighboring countries in East Asia. Born out of the tradition of rites and music in the Zhou Dynasty, it takes benevolence, forgiveness, honesty and filial piety as its core values, emphasizes the complementarity of benevolence and etiquette, attaches importance to the five ethics and family ethics, advocates enlightenment, tries to rebuild the order of rites and music, changes customs, and is full of WTO ideals.
2. Taoism
Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Representative works: Laozi, Wandering, Liezi (also known as Xu Chong Zhen Jing and Xu Chong Zhi De Zhen Jing).
The main idea of the school: Taoism is natural, inaction is self-contained, and things should change.
Taoism is the school that has the most profound influence on China's philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi gathered the great wisdom of ancient sages and sages. Summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic Taoist theory, which marked the formal formation of Taoist thought. Taoism is the foundation of science and technology in China, and it is called the cornerstone of China culture.
Taoism takes "Tao" as the core, thinks that the avenue is inaction, advocates the nature of Tao, and puts forward political, economic, governing the country and military strategies such as Taoism, guarding men and women, and combining rigidity with softness. It has simple dialectical thought, is an extremely important philosophical school in "a hundred schools of thought contend", exists in various cultural fields in China, and has a great influence on the culture of China and even the world.
3. Legalists
Representative figures: Guan Zhong, Han Fei, Shang Yang, Li Kui, Shen Buhai and Li Si.
Representative works: Shu, Han Feizi, Shen Zi, Shen Zi.
The main purpose of the school: "learn from the past, don't avoid ministers, and don't abandon ordinary people when rewarding kindness."
Legalism is an important school in the history of China, which advocates the rule of law as the core idea and the responsibility of enriching Qiang Bing. Legalist thought includes ethical thought, social development thought, political thought and rule of law thought and many other aspects. Legalist ethics refers to the concept of honesty, justice and benefit based on the concept of human nature.
4. Military strategist
Representative figures: Sun Wu, Sima Yi, Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Gongsun Yang, Zhao She and Bai Qi.
Representative works: Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods and Wei Liaozi.
Main purpose of the school: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a war between princes. People of insight engaged in military affairs summed up military experience and lessons and studied ways to win. This kind of scholar was called a strategist in ancient times. All the works of military strategists who discuss military affairs are called military books.
Military strategists are divided into four categories: military tacticians, military strategists, military yin and yang strategists, and military technologists. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times.
5. Mohist thought
Representative figures: Mo Zhai, Bird Slip, Tian Yu, Meng Sheng, etc.
Representative works: Mozi, Hu Feizi and Xunchao.
The purpose of the school: equal love between people (universal love), opposition to wars of aggression (mutual non-aggression), respect for the economy, opposition to extravagance (frugality), emphasis on inheriting the cultural wealth of predecessors (ghosts), and mastering the laws of nature (natural aspirations), "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "natural aspirations", "destiny takes a hand" and "misfortune". Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum.
Mohism, Confucianism represented by Confucius and Taoism represented by Laozi formed three philosophical systems in ancient China. Due to the unique political attribute of Mohist thought and the collusion policy of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Mohist thought was continuously suppressed, gradually losing its realistic foundation of existence and gradually dying out in China. It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China that scholars excavated Mohism again from that pile of old papers and found its progress.
Mozi founded a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics during the Warring States Period.
Mozi's logic can be compared with Aristotle's logic and Ingenism in ancient India, and it is listed as the three major sources of formal logic.
6. Strategist
Representative figures: Gui Guzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Gan Mao, Sima Cuo.
Representative Works: Guiguzi and Warring States Policy.
The main idea of the school: vertical family, unite the weak to attack the strong; Cross, a thing that the strong use to attack the weak.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "strategists" refers to a unique group of advisers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which can be called the earliest and most special diplomatic politician in China for 5,000 years. They are unpredictable and capricious, and their plans are based on subjective political requirements.
7. wise
Representative figures: Lv Buwei and Shijiao.
Representative works: Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Dead Bodies.
The purpose of the school: learn from the strengths of Confucianism and Mohism and summarize the essentials of naming methods, namely, "Confucianism and Mohism are combined, naming methods are unified" and "hundred schools of thought Tong"
8. farmhouse
Representative: Xu Xing
Representative works: Shennong
The main purpose of the school: conform to the people's hearts, be loyal to the people, relieve hunger and famine, and take agriculture as the last business.
Peasant household, also known as "peasant household flow", is an academic school that reflects agricultural production and farmers' thoughts in the pre-Qin period. It regards Shennong as the ancestor, describes Shennong as the ancestor, and advocates persuading farmers to have plenty of food and clothing. "Because Confucianism despises merchants, farmers declined rapidly after the middle of the Han Dynasty.
9. Yin and Yang A
Representative: Zou Yan
Representative works: Zou Zi
School theme: yin-yang and five elements theory
Yin-yang theory is one of the most important philosophical thoughts of the Chinese nation. The Yin-Yang school thought combines the numerology thought since ancient times with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and further develops it, constructing a large-scale cosmic schema, trying to explain the causes and changing laws of natural phenomena.
10. Famous people
Representative figures: Deng, Gong Sunlong, Song Shuo, Hui Shi.
Representative works: Gongsun Zilong, Deng Xizi, Yin Wenzi, etc.
Main idea of the school: a philosophical school that studies the form and law of thinking and the relationship between name and reality, so it is called "name", also known as "debater" and "judge"
Famous experts are famous for their good arguments. They paid more attention to the similarities and differences between nouns and concepts, and attached importance to the relationship between name and reality, which initiated the exploration of China's logical thought.
1 1. Novelist
Representative: Yu Chu
Representative works: Yi, Huangdi Theory, Zhou Kao, etc.
The main purpose of the school: to collect folk arguments, so as to examine the people's feelings and customs.
According to Ban Gu's "History of Hanshu Art and Literature", "Novelists flow out of the official; Street talk, hearsay. " In other words, what novelists do is mainly to record folk gossip and report it to their superiors. However, although novelists are independent, they are regarded as ignorant of the world, so they are called "full of nine feet".
12. Fang technician (or doctor)
Representative: Bian Que.
Representative works: Bian Que Neijing and Huangdi Neijing.
The main purpose of the school: mainly to study health and medicine.
Ladies and gentlemen, do you understand the above?
Little knowledge:
The theory of "three religions and nine streams" in later generations;
Three religions: Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (Buddhism)
Nine streams: Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, Fame, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, Military, Yin and Yang.