The employment situation refers to the background of graduates' employment, including the political, economic and social development of the country, the supply and demand of graduates' employment market and the development of the industry. Let's follow me to see the analysis of the employment situation of college graduates! I hope it helps you.

Not long ago, the Ministry of Education released the number of college graduates in 20 17, which is expected to reach 7.95 million, 300,000 more than that in 20 16, as shown in the following figure. In the past three years, more and more college graduates have become a hot topic of concern to the whole society.

For the 7.95 million college students who are about to enter the society, under the dual pressures of unsatisfactory employment environment and a substantial increase in the number of college graduates, how to find a suitable job is bound to be a big challenge. Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology economy and increasingly fierce market competition, the employment of college students has become a hot topic in society.

As shown in the figure below, the big data shows that in 20 16 years, according to the statistics of major categories, 42.09% of college graduates nationwide were engineering, nearly half were management, followed by 1 1.80% were economics, accounting for 78.86% in total. The three categories with the least number of graduates are military science, philosophy and history. The concept of talents needed by society has also changed with this development trend. Grasping what kind of college students are really needed in today's society is of great benefit to college students' future employment.

The majors that are relatively easy to find jobs are distributed in some unpopular majors with small supply and demand, such as military, medicine, astronomy, art theory and so on. The contradiction between supply and demand of medicine is the most prominent. Among the 20 professions that are the easiest to find employment, the medical profession is as many as 10, accounting for half of the country. From the analysis of the employment difficulty index of large-scale graduates, unexpectedly, the top three employment difficulty indexes are economics, management and literature, and the supply of these three types of graduates has always exceeded the demand, making employment relatively difficult. Here are three topics to explain.

First, the employment destination of college graduates

Let me talk about the situation of concentrated employment of college graduates, which is nothing more than the following categories.

1. Enterprises, foreign enterprises, private enterprises and wholly-owned enterprises.

This channel is highly related to economic growth. Every GDP growth of 1 percentage point will stimulate the employment of millions of people, and the economic recession will inevitably affect the employment of this channel. China is in an important period of structural adjustment, and traditional industries are facing difficulties. The tertiary industry and service industry have become the pillars of employment growth.

This channel is the choice of many graduates, but it will definitely be affected with the economic downturn. In addition to the graduates of that year, the unemployed graduates and turtles accumulated year by year are also competitors. Because more influencing factors are the demand for talents in the market, it will pay more attention to majors, and not all majors are good for employment.

In addition, many enterprises will set many thresholds, such as 985,211graduate, band 6, registered permanent residence and so on. This discouraged many friends, although many of them were excellent. Of course, in comparison, this channel is more free to compete and needs its own efforts and opportunities. It is also the choice of many passionate students and the most important channel.

Civil servants and institutions

20 16 national examination, 27,000 recruitment places * * * attracted nearly 1.4 million applicants. Many graduate students are scared to stop when they see this set of data. In fact, if you think about it carefully, at least 50% of these hundreds of people are taking chances. This part is definitely cannon fodder and can be ignored. At least 30% people just review casually and have no complete training; At least 15% people have the wrong review method, and the last 5% people have a good foundation, proper methods and comprehensive review. The real duel will only be held among these people, and those with poor psychological quality or unstable performance will be eliminated, so those who are really prepared will basically gain something.

In the recruitment of civil servants, a large number of positions recruit undergraduate graduates, and some positions are not limited to majors. Relatively speaking, the national civil service examination is fair and just, so it is called "the examination in the glass room". Taking part in the national examination, relying on their own strength, written examination, interview competition for posts, becoming a civil servant, has become a priority choice for many college graduates.

In addition, in the past four years, the professional happiness of civil servants has been in the top three. According to statistics, the employment satisfaction of graduates who entered government agencies in 20 15 actually reached 72%, which is the highest among all channels. Of course, there are also many small partners who apply for the exam, because civil servants are a relatively stable job and have relatively perfect welfare protection. This is actually the requirement of many parents for their children, as long as it is stable. In fact, it is not only stable to embark on a career, but if you do well, your salary is definitely not worse than that of corporate executives. This is another story.

3. Start your own business.

To say that not all college students are suitable for starting a business. Encouraging college students to start businesses is no longer a new product. Without encouragement, some people will devote themselves to innovation and entrepreneurship, so it is good for the state to give some guidance and encouragement in policy. However, this does not mean that every college student is suitable for starting a business. Everyone should be clear about their development orientation, whether to participate in entrepreneurship as a boss or be a good employee.

Also, it is suggested that college students think about it before starting a business and evaluate their emotional intelligence, IQ and financial quotient. It's best not to touch it until they are ready. Entrepreneurship can't be done just by sitting and drinking coffee.

4. Further study (college entrance examination, postgraduate entrance examination, going abroad)

There are two main types of people in this channel, one is the progress of professional level. If the professional demand is high, these people will basically have better employment security.

There is also a part of delaying employment, which is actually a bit of an idea of "mixed education". In fact, to put it bluntly, this channel will eventually enter the next cycle of "considering the way out". And because not everyone is suitable for scientific research.

5. others.

As for joining the army and teaching, it is actually a relatively small channel. Moreover, in these channels, after the expiration of service or after discharge, they will still face reemployment. There are not many people who continue to go through these channels, and they will return to the issue of "re-employment" after all.

Second, the main factors affecting employment at present

1. The slowdown in economic growth has weakened the "pull effect" on employment.

China's economy as a whole is still in the downward cycle. The slowdown of economic development and structural adjustment will objectively affect the employment structure of workers, and at the same time, it will also have a squeezing effect on the overall scale of employment and affect the employment of workers. In particular, the structural adjustment of traditional pillar industries, the elimination of backward production capacity, the continued downturn in some industries and overcapacity will lead to structural unemployment and transformational unemployment, making employment more difficult. The international economic development situation is still unclear, and there are still many risks and variables. Major economies in Europe and the United States are facing many problems such as fiscal austerity and rising sovereign debt risks. Emerging economies are facing problems such as economic restructuring and declining exports. The recovery of the world economy is difficult, which affects the development of export-oriented economy and employment.

In the process of urbanization, the pressure of rural labor transfer and employment is great.

In recent years, China's urbanization construction has been accelerating, the urbanization rate has been greatly improved, the pace of rural labor transfer to cities and towns has been accelerated, and the urban population has increased rapidly. The urbanization rate of China increased from 36.2% in 2000 to 53.7% in 20 13. In the process of urbanization, the employment pressure in rural areas is reduced, but the employment pressure of labor transfer is increased. First, the ability of cities and towns to absorb rural labor force employment is limited, and new urban labor force and college graduates need employment every year; Second, the threshold for the transfer of rural labor to large and medium-sized cities is relatively high. Due to factors such as household registration restrictions, quality and skills requirements, and unsmooth employment information, it is difficult for migrant workers to find jobs.

3. The accelerated development of emerging industries affects the level of employment.

On the one hand, when vigorously adjusting the sunset industry and eliminating backward production capacity, help the workers involved in the transfer and resettlement; On the other hand, emerging industries have good development prospects in China, which will inevitably lead to a shortage of technical and skilled personnel. In addition, due to the progress of science and technology, the improvement of labor productivity and other factors, some enterprises have reduced the absorption of new employees, and even squeezed out some labor, which will also lead to structural problems in employment.

The adjustment of regional economic structure, especially the accelerated development of the central and western regions, has led to new changes in labor mobility.

In recent years, the economic development in the central and western regions of China has been accelerating, the wages of migrant workers have been rising, and the gap with the eastern region has narrowed. For example, the monthly income gap of migrant workers working in the eastern, central and western regions has narrowed to around 30 yuan. The employment situation in different regions is obviously different, and the number of job seekers in the eastern region has dropped sharply year-on-year. With the improvement of the working environment in the traditional labor exporting provinces in the central and western regions, returning home for employment and entrepreneurship is becoming a new choice for more and more migrant workers.

5. The contradiction between the affordability of enterprise labor costs and the high expectations of workers makes it difficult for the supply and demand sides to dock.

Since 2009, monetary wages have been growing at a double-digit rate, and the growth rate has been accelerating year by year. According to statistics, in 20 13 years, 27 regions in China adjusted the minimum wage standard, with an average increase of17%; There are 17 regions that have formulated wage guidelines, and the baseline is generally around 14%. The survey shows that the contradiction between the current wage increase and the affordability of enterprises has led to the shortage of general workers in many small and medium-sized enterprises and large labor-intensive enterprises.

The change of population structure has slowed down the growth of labor supply.

China is changing, which reflects the change of labor supply and demand to some extent. The total working-age population in China began to decrease. In terms of new labor supply, college students will account for about half of the level, and the growth rate of migrant workers, especially cross-provincial migrant workers, will slow down and gradually stabilize. It is predicted that the working-age population in China will reach its peak in 20 16, with a total of 999 million people, and then gradually decline, and will drop to 987 million people in 2020. From 20 1 1 to 2020, the average annual growth rate of employment will decrease by 0.9 percentage points compared with the previous period, which will drive the economic growth rate to decrease by about 0.4 percentage points. The accelerated release of urbanization and the improvement of rural surplus labor force quality still cannot make up for the negative impact of labor force reduction on economic growth.

Third, analysis of graduates' professional employment

This paper analyzes the employment situation of previous college graduates in recent years, and analyzes the professional differences from the aspects of employment rate, salary and treatment, professional stability, etc., hoping to give some reference to the 20 17 graduates who are about to join the work.

Financial management, computer and civil engineering have the highest employment rates.

Judging from the employment rate of 20 15 undergraduate graduates, the major of financial management won the first place this year and became the major with the highest employment rate, while the major of civil engineering (20 14) ranked first last year only ranked third this year, with a difference of 2.7%. The employment rate of art design, international economy and trade, and law majors is low, only close to 90%. Among them, the law major has been at the bottom for three consecutive years (20 13, 20 14, 20 15), making it the major with the lowest employment rate among the top ten majors.

Computer major has the highest salary and the lowest financial management.

Judging from the monthly income of 20 15 class after graduation for half a year, among the top ten undergraduate majors, computer science and technology graduates have the highest monthly income of 4,978 yuan, followed by international economy and trade, with 4 123 yuan. The financial management major with the highest employment rate has the lowest monthly salary, only 3645 yuan. In addition, the salary of computer science and technology majors ranked first in six months and three years after graduation, while the salary level of financial management majors with the highest employment rate was not satisfactory, ranking first and second from the bottom in six months and three years after graduation respectively.

3. Art design and international economy and trade have been promoted the fastest.

Judging from the proportion of job promotion within three years after graduation from 20 12 undergraduate course, the higher majors are art design and international economy and trade, both of which are 57%. The majors with low promotion ratio are law, mechanical design and manufacturing and automation, with promotion ratios of 48% and 47% respectively, which are lower than the evaluation level.

The turnover rate of civil engineering is low, and the turnover rate of art design is high.

The data shows that the frequency of job-hopping is also related to majors. Among the top ten undergraduate majors, civil engineering has the lowest turnover rate, and the turnover rate of 20 15 classes is only 13% within six months after graduation. In addition, in the class of 20 12, the average number of users within three years after graduation is low, which is 1.6. The highest turnover rate is 38% within six months after graduation of art design major; Within three years after graduation, the average number of employers is 2.4, which is the most unstable major among the top ten majors of undergraduate course.

5. Civil engineering and accounting majors have the highest salary correlation.

From the perspective of salary correlation, civil engineering and accounting majors have a high correlation with work, reaching more than 80%. In contrast, law, English, international economy and trade are less relevant, while international economy and trade is only 52% related to work.

6. The top ten majors in employment difficulty.

According to the big data analysis of 20 16, the employment difficulty index (number of graduates/number of positions required) varies greatly among different majors. The top ten majors with employment difficulties are: agricultural economic management, geology, mining, grassland science, finance, tourism management, safety science and engineering, economy and trade, nature protection and environmental ecology, and environmental science and engineering. The reason is that these ten majors are different. Due to the economic slowdown and supply-side reform in China, the demand for geology and mining has decreased, while the demand for economic and trade jobs is not low. However, due to the large supply of graduates of this major, it is difficult for graduates of economic and trade majors to find jobs.

In today's society, college students can be said to be everywhere, with fierce competition and rising pressure. Therefore, the key consideration for many parents and candidates to choose a university major is employment. Therefore, college students must not be arrogant. They must recharge their batteries in time, increase their "capital" and improve their value. It is generally believed that the greatest advantages of college students are "self-confidence, ideal ambition, strong plasticity" and "innovative spirit and active thinking"; The essential spirit that contemporary college students lack most is "diligence and thrift, love and dedication", and it also needs to be improved in "honesty and trustworthiness, dedication and responsibility".

It is generally believed that college students should not first consider economic income, living environment and job stability before choosing a job, but should pay more attention to personal development opportunities and the application of professional knowledge, and look at their career from a longer-term perspective, rather than just looking at the present. College students who are more recognized and favored by employers and society include the following points: higher ideological quality; Have a sense of professionalism and responsibility; Have the spirit of suffering; Solid foundation, wide knowledge, high level of foreign language and computer knowledge; Strong hands-on ability; Know the major, manage and socialize.

Analysis of the employment situation of college graduates 1 At present, China's higher education is in the background of popularization. The "art examination fever" is heating up year by year, and the number of colleges offering art majors is increasing day by day, and the enrollment scale is expanding, showing a vigorous development momentum. However, the demand for art professionals in the market is growing relatively slowly, which leads to oversupply. The employment of art college graduates is different from other arts and science majors. The employment of art college graduates is unique because of the characteristics of art majors and industries, which also brings new challenges to employment guidance.

Employment characteristics of art college graduates

The flexibility of career choice is different from that of graduates from universities of arts, science and engineering. Art college students often have strong personalities. A large number of art college graduates give up employment agreements signed with employers and choose to become freelancers. They are planning in this company these days, and may soon "jump ship" to another company to do advertising design. There are no formal employment units, and some even start to do their own business design during school. Generally speaking, most of the design enterprises chosen by college students are private enterprises, and business owners also want to recruit people according to the density of projects. Therefore, the career choice of art college graduates shows great flexibility.

The employment area is relatively concentrated. Because the economic and cultural environment on which art majors depend is relatively high, graduates of art colleges often take the geographical location of employers as the primary consideration when they are employed. Most graduates usually choose economically developed areas, areas with superior cultural environment, coastal areas, or first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. As these areas have become the gathering place of college graduates all over the country, the supply of artistic talents exceeds demand.

Due to the operating characteristics of the art industry, graduates of art colleges often pay attention to their professional knowledge when they are employed, so most of the employers they choose are private enterprises or studios such as advertising companies, design companies and decoration companies.

Most graduates of random art colleges who have labor relations with employers are unwilling to sign employment agreements with employers. Some graduates don't even sign labor contracts with employers. For them, as long as an employer places an order, they will take orders from this employer within this period of time, and then take orders from other employers after completion, and settle their remuneration with orders and projects, leaving them personal freedom. Most private business owners in the design industry also like this kind of cooperation, which is precisely the hidden danger in the process of employing people.

Frequent job-hopping after employment because of the randomness of the labor relationship between art college graduates and employers, it brings convenience to graduates to job-hopping after employment. They can stay in this company today and move to another company after a while. Some graduates frequently change jobs. According to research, nearly 30% graduates changed their work units three months after graduation, 40% graduates changed their work units six months after graduation, and more than 30% graduates changed their work units within one year after graduation. Because the work unit is not fixed, the stability of its income can not be guaranteed to a great extent.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Employment of Art College Graduates

The contradiction between supply and demand between the number of art college graduates and jobs is more prominent. With the popularization of education, the number of college graduates in China has increased year by year. In recent years, with the opening or expansion of art majors in schools at all levels, the number of graduates from art colleges has shown a leap-forward growth trend, but the demand for art talents in the talent market has not kept up with the growth of the number of graduates, especially in economically developed areas, areas with superior cultural environment, coastal areas, or first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

The personal career expectations of art college graduates are not in harmony with the actual situation. Art majors are high-input majors, and the learning cost is much higher than other art majors and science majors. The annual tuition fee is more than 10 thousand yuan. During college, the investment of an art undergraduate is close to 800 ~ 65438+10,000 yuan. Parents and graduates expect high returns after high investment. Under the influence of this idea, the employment orientation of art college graduates in job hunting presents the characteristics of "high investment and high return", and most of them tend to work with high salary, professional counterparts and high level. Especially in the art and design industry, it pays attention to the practical ability of graduates, that is, it needs skilled workers, and the treatment of inexperienced fresh graduates naturally cannot be very high. Moreover, in order to reduce the cost of human resources, some private enterprises prefer to recruit high school graduates from migrant workers, and they can also be competent for the corresponding work through the "short and fast" training of design software.

Art college graduates have a low level of education and only pay attention to their professional counterparts when they are employed. When art college graduates are employed, most of them hope to find professional counterparts or jobs related to their majors. If you can't find a job related to your major, it is relatively difficult for art college graduates to re-learn new skills and change careers, and many students are from primary schools. Therefore, a considerable number of graduates would rather choose freelancing than change careers at will.

The consciousness of career planning is weak, and the formation of employment consciousness and concept is concentrated in the graduation stage. Many art college students lack the consciousness of career planning and a medium-term career plan for themselves, so they step on watermelon skin-where to slide, and wait until the fourth grade is about to graduate. Due to the lack of reasonable positioning, it is easy to get lost in the two-way job market.

Reflections on Employment Guidance for Art College Graduates

Guiding graduates to update their employment concept is a remarkable feature. It is understandable that graduates expect high returns after employment. However, if you pursue a high-paying, professional and high-level job wholeheartedly, you will inevitably face setbacks in choosing a job. In fact, it is not difficult for graduates of art colleges to find jobs. The problem is that some students' career expectations do not consider social needs and reality. Therefore, graduates can only adapt to society by changing their employment concepts and ways of thinking.

Establishing a "Double-qualified" teaching staff At present, all the employment guidance teachers come from the graduating class counselors of colleges and universities, and the one-to-many situation is difficult to meet the individualized guidance needs of art college graduates. "Double-qualified" teachers are the guarantee for the cultivation of artistic design talents, which requires the combination of technology and art, industry experts and teachers, managers and scholars. "Double-qualified" teachers can timely convey the standards and latest trends of design industry to graduates, and also have a good impact on graduates' employment.

To grasp the market demand and do a good job in talent evaluation, colleges and universities should build a talent demand and evaluation model according to the characteristics and laws of the job market, taking the initial employment rate of graduates as an important indicator and referring to the weight of secondary employment and various factors affecting employment. With the dynamic change of market demand, we should adjust the specialty structure and curriculum in time and actively explore new majors to meet the market demand.

Carry out career planning education and establish a whole-course employment guidance model. Employment guidance for graduates of most art colleges is mainly aimed at students who are about to graduate. Teaching content is often practical guidance such as employment information production, information collection and processing, interview skills, etc. It has limited effect on graduates' smooth employment in the fierce competition. Therefore, from freshmen's entrance to university graduation, we should set up compulsory courses of career planning with different emphases, and form a whole-course employment guidance model.

Strengthen cultural education, cultivate students' comprehensive quality in art colleges and improve their employment competitiveness. The level of cultural courses in art colleges is generally low, and foreign languages are its weakness. Lack of social experience makes it relatively difficult for them to find a job outside their major, which is a common feature. Therefore, schools should strengthen the teaching of cultural courses, optimize the setting of specialized courses, enhance the employment competitiveness of graduates outside the industry, expand the employment field and expand the scope of employment.

Developing entrepreneurship education and improving entrepreneurial ability Art majors are closely related to the market and have the characteristics of market operation. The knowledge and skills mastered by students can be transformed into commodities in the shortest time. Art college graduates have certain advantages in starting a business. Entrepreneurship education can be carried out by offering entrepreneurship education courses, launching entrepreneurship design competitions or forums, and using off-campus entrepreneurship bases to increase students' rational understanding and practical experience of entrepreneurship and improve their entrepreneurial ability.

Relying on Industry-University-Research's cooperative education model and strengthening the catalytic role of the "employment first" project based on the characteristics of running colleges and universities, relying on Industry-University-Research's cooperative education model, students can start to contact specific jobs in the lower grades. This kind of "pre-employment" project, on the one hand, students can work as "professionals", can truly experience the demand for comprehensive qualities such as knowledge, skills and abilities, master work skills, accumulate practical experience and enhance employment competitiveness; On the other hand, we can fully tap the potential employment resources in the process of cooperative education in Industry-University-Research and promote the full employment of graduates.

Strengthen publicity and guidance to protect the legitimate rights and interests of art college graduates. Informal employment is common among art college graduates, and it is also the particularity of art college graduates' employment. Schools should actively guide, strengthen publicity, protect the legitimate rights and interests of these graduates, effectively solve the problems related to graduates working in non-public units, urge employers to sign employment agreements and labor contracts with employed graduates in accordance with relevant state regulations, and do a good job in follow-up guidance to promote graduates' full employment and successful employment.

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