? 1. Non-predicate verb: a kind of word that expresses action but cannot form a predicate sentence. English grammar notes! .
? 2. Classification of non-predicate verbs: participle, gerund and infinitive.
(1) Gerund: It consists of the verb prototype +ing. Its composition is exactly the same as the present participle, so we should distinguish these two kinds of words from their usage.
? ? Usage: It can be used as the subject, predicative, object and appositive of a sentence.
For example:?
Reading brings happiness to people. (theme)
The football match between Brazil and China is exciting. (predicative)
They like listening to pop songs very much. (object)
(4) My hobby, reading in bed, has never changed. (appositive)
Principle: Gerund is literally a noun, which is grammatically. However, it still has the nature of action in essence. Therefore, when using gerund as the verb object to express the actor of the action, you can add the corresponding possessive pronoun or objective pronoun; But when it is used as the subject of a sentence, only the possessive pronoun can reflect this.
For example:
(1) It is very attractive for him to give up smoking. (Only possessive pronouns can be used)
They like my good cooking. (possessive pronoun/objective pronoun)
(2) Word segmentation: divided into present word segmentation and past word segmentation. The present participle is exactly the same as the gerund, while the past participle was formed by adding -ed after the verb. At the same time, we should also remember the past tense and past participle of some commonly used irregular verbs in detail. Participles are generally used as attributes and adverbials in sentences. Before expounding, we must first establish the concept that present participle means initiative or progress; Past participle means passive or complete. This is the basis of learning word segmentation!
(1) Word segmentation as an attribute: As the name implies, word segmentation can restrict or modify nouns or pronouns. Now let's give a very simple example: a desk-a desk for work/a person who works-a person who is/used to work. Obviously, the former is a gerund and the latter is a participle. Both are attributes, but they are different in nature. It can be seen that all participles used as attributes are transformed from attributive clauses. This is the basic principle!
For example:?
The window facing south is broken. -
The window facing south is broken.
The man who is talking with the teacher is my father. -
The man talking to the teacher is my father.
The total investment of this project is 20 million yuan. -
The capital invested in this project amounts to 20 million yuan.
The meeting to be held this weekend is very important. -
The meeting to be held this weekend is very important.
Conclusion 1: The present participle is used as a postattribute, indicating frequent actions consistent with the tense of the main clause. 》。
Conclusion 2: The present participle is used as a post-attribute, indicating the ongoing action consistent with the tense of the main sentence.
Conclusion 3: The past participle is used as a post-attribute, indicating the passive voice.
Conclusion 4: To be+ past participle structure is used as a postattribute to indicate the upcoming behavior or action.
Principle: the criteria for judging all participles as attributives are the above four, which must be kept in mind! It fully embodies that "the present participle indicates initiative or progress;" Past participle means passive or complete. "The basic idea. Therefore, it should be clear that attributive clauses and participles are just two different expressions, and the essence is the same.
(2) Word segmentation as adverbial: Just like "Word segmentation as attributive is transformed from attributive clauses", word segmentation as adverbial can also be regarded as transformed from various adverbial clauses. Word segmentation is adverbial ***7 categories, namely: cause, result, condition, concession, time, way and accompanying adverbial.
For example:?
(1) lost in thought, he didn't even hear her knocking at the door.
He shot and killed two birds. (adverbial of result)
Given more time and money, we can finish the task. (conditional adverbial)
The girl is doing housework. She is listening to pop songs. (adverbial of time)
After making a lot of money, he still feels unhappy. (concession adverbial)
The two countries finally settled the border dispute peacefully through negotiation rather than force. (adverbial of manner)
(7) reading detective books, he is lying in bed. (adjective)
Principle 1: Because participle as adverbial is converted from adverbial clause, sometimes in order to clarify the specific meaning of the sentence, conjunctions can appear in the clause, often before participle as adverbial!
For example:?
(1) While doing her homework, the girl was listening to her classical music. (adverbial of time)
Given more time and money, we can finish the task. (conditional adverbial)
Although he earned a lot of money, he still felt unhappy.
Principle 2: The logical subject of the participle must be consistent with the subject of the main sentence. This is the most fundamental principle! Only when the two are consistent can the participle be used as an adverbial. But if they are inconsistent, you can't use participle as adverbial, but use "participle absolute construction" instead!
For example:?
(1) The two countries finally settled the border dispute peacefully through negotiation rather than force. (adverbial of manner)
By using peaceful means, the two countries finally solved the border dispute.
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