Please see the details: Multicolor lead glazed pottery developed in China in the Tang Dynasty. The main producing areas are Luoyang and Xi 'an in China.
Glaze is lead silicate glass, and the glaze color is mainly red, green and white, with four colors of blue, yellow, brown and purple, which are used alternately on the same object, called tricolor. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, China had lead glazed pottery colored with copper and iron, such as green, yellow-brown, brownish red and sauce color.
In the Tang dynasty, it was also found that different colors such as blue and purple were obtained when cobalt and manganese were used for coloring. People's aesthetic concepts tend to be rich and colorful, so the three colors of Tang Dynasty, which combine sculpture, ceramics and color art, came into being.
This kind of products are not only loved by domestic dignitaries, but also exported to foreign countries. At present, China's Tang Sancai remains are found in Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Japan and North Korea.
The spread of tricolor in China promoted the production of painted pottery in some countries. The three-color camel figurines in the Tang Dynasty were made in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, and gradually declined after Tianbao.
But as a technology, it has not been lost. After that, the Liao tricolor and Song tricolor were all developed under its influence, and their styles turned into comeliness, and the varieties and quantities were far less than those of the Tang Dynasty.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of tricolor glaze shifted to glazed tiles and ridges. The modern imitation of Tang tri-color painting began in the early 20th century.
The construction of Longhai Railway began at 1904. When it was built near Luoyang, many ancient tombs were excavated, and a large number of three-color objects were unearthed in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, and people began to imitate them. 1954 expanded the production of imitation Tang tricolor, but remained in the form of workshop.
1966 discontinued. 1972, Luoyang resumed the production and export of Tang Sancai.
In addition to Luoyang and Xi 'an, there are also a few imitations of Tang Tri-color in China. The total output of imitation Tang tri-color in China is about 6,543,800 pieces.
The artistic features of tri-color in Tang Dynasty are mainly manifested in sculpture and glaze color. Tang Sancai's modeling is famous for its fullness and profundity, and it is also fresh and soft.
Its sculpture techniques are vivid and realistic, and it pays attention to capturing the spirit. Such as ladies, most of them are muscular and full of bones; The warrior is muscular with a short neck and a thick waist; The characters and images are well described and the expression is solemn.
Among animals, energetic horses and stable camels are the best, with accurate proportions and smooth lines. The lead glaze of tri-colored Tang Dynasty is unique in color.
Glaze contains a lot of lead oxide as flux, which has low viscosity at high temperature and is easy to flow when fired. Craftsmen absorbed the techniques of dyeing and weaving, and created glaze techniques such as plum blossom point. An object is alternately painted with red, white, green, blue and other glaze colors. After firing, various glaze colors penetrate each other, and the shades alternate, mottled and dripping.
At the same time, lead glaze enhances the brightness of glaze and makes the color more crystal clear. In the Tang Dynasty, white or reddish clay was used as the main raw material, pottery was used as the model, and the method of printing blank porcelain was adopted.
The primary firing temperature is about 1 100℃. The green tire is coated with glaze with timely and lead as the main raw materials and metal oxide as the color base, and then fired at about 900℃. Modern ceramic production equipment and technology are mostly used in the production of imitation Tang tricolor.
For example, flame-proof tunnel kiln and porous kiln are used to fire products. Instead of using a single clay for molding, clay, timely, feldspar and other ceramic raw materials are used together to make the fetal quality more solid.
The temperature difference between plain firing and glaze firing is reduced (1 100℃ and 1 120℃ respectively), which makes the combination between tire glazes closer. There are not only replicas and imitations of the modern tri-colored Tang Dynasty, but also various innovative works combined with modern sculpture and color art, which have been applied to the decoration of building walls and become tri-colored art murals.
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Second, the historical story of Tang Sancai is actually something that people in the Tang Dynasty buried with, just like the paper men and paper horses that we are burying and burning now. In the Song Dynasty, because it was too wasteful, it was changed into a paper man and a paper horse. There are so many things that they are worthless. In the Republic of China, if farmers dig up the land, it will be out of luck. However, one advantage of the tri-colored Tang Dynasty is that it is equivalent to the historical photos of the Tang Dynasty. This is of great value to the study of the history of the Tang Dynasty. When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, there was a teacher in Peking University, whose name I can't remember. A man donated 60,000 pieces of Tang Sancai, and the Tang Sancai Museum in the Forbidden City was built on the basis of his donation. As can be seen from one side, the three colors of Tang Dynasty are not valuable, but they are of great research value.
Third, what is the historical value of Tang Sancai? This is a kind of pottery that prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. Its glaze color is rich, including yellow, blue, green, white, brown and black, but most of them are mainly yellow, green and white.
Because Luoyang, Henan Province is the earliest and most unearthed place of Tang Sancai, people also call it "Luoyang Tang Sancai". Tang Sancai has a history of 1000 years, and is also known as "the treasure of oriental art".
It has a unique Chinese style and its manufacturing process is extremely complicated. Now, the Tang Sancai Research Institute has been set up, which makes the production technology of Tang Sancai go up a step.
Tang Sancai's reputation is very loud, and it has also become a traditional export commodity of China, which is exported to more than 50 countries or regions in Europe and America.
Fourth, what is the historical influence of the three colors of Tang Dynasty? Tang Sancai has the characteristics of this handicraft and the cultural exchange between China and the West. This shape is a chicken head container. Judging from the current research, it is a vessel for holding wine in western countries and even Middle Eastern countries, but it is made as a handicraft in the Central Plains, and people can see the cultural exchange between China and the West at that time. Tri-colored pottery in Tang Dynasty is the essence of pottery in Tang Dynasty. It reached its peak in the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, with the gradual decline of the Tang Dynasty and the rapid development of porcelain, the production of tricolor declined gradually. Later, "Liao tricolor" and "Golden tricolor" appeared, but they were far less than Tang tricolor in quantity, quality and artistry. With the progress of society and the continuous improvement of copying and imitation technology, there are more and more varieties of Tang tricolor. On this basis, Luoyang will also develop more and better tri-color works of Tang Dynasty. As a traditional cultural product and arts and crafts, Tri-colored Tang Dynasty not only has a certain position in the history of China ceramic art, but also plays a very important role in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. As early as the early Tang Dynasty, Tang Sancai was exported to foreign countries and was deeply loved by foreign people. This colorful glazed pottery is famous for its gorgeous glaze, bright luster and exquisite shape.
5. What is the development history of "Tang Sancai"? The word "Tang Sancai" was first recorded in the Republic of China.
During the period of 1905- 1909, during the construction of Longhai Railway, many tombs of the Tang Dynasty were destroyed in Mangshan, Luoyang, and many works of tri-colored Tang Dynasty were found. This batch of Tang Sancai was transported to Beijing, which quickly attracted attention and was named "Tang Sancai".
Tri-colored pottery in Tang Dynasty is a kind of painted pottery after celadon. In the Tang dynasty, yellow, green and white glazes were the main materials for firing, so it was called Tang tri-colors.
Tri-colored glazed pottery in Tang Dynasty is actually a general term. It comes in two colors and four colors. Other colors include blue, ochre, purple and black.
On the basis of inheriting the technology of low-temperature lead glazed pottery in Han dynasty, it was made through practice and innovation after having a new understanding of various raw materials containing non-ferrous metal elements. Its manufacturing process is: white clay is used as the tire, then minerals containing non-ferrous metal elements such as copper, iron, manganese and cobalt are used as glaze colorants, and then lead is added into the shaft material as a flux, and finally it is successfully fired at a low temperature (about 800 1).
From the beginning of firing to the maturity of technology, Tang Sancai experienced a development process from coarse to fine, from less to more. Around the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the economic development of Tang Sancai and the rise of the wind of reburial made Tang Sancai reach its peak.
Tri-colored pottery in the Tang Dynasty is mainly used for funerary wares and figurines, with various styles and rich contents, and is known as the "encyclopedia" of Tang society.
The intransitive verb Tang Sancai History Tang Sancai is the artistic essence of China in the Tang Dynasty, with a history of 1000 years. The so-called tri-colored pottery in Tang Dynasty refers to the glazed pottery in China in the Tang Dynasty, which was later used as a general term for painted pottery. Painted pottery in the Tang Dynasty has many glaze colors, such as light yellow, ochre yellow, light green, dark green, sky blue, brown red, eggplant purple and so on. , but mainly yellow, green and white (or green, ochre and blue), so it is called "three colors".
Tang Sancai Matang Sancai adopts the secondary firing method. First, white mud is used as the tire, and it is fired at1000℃-1100℃. After cooling, various glazes are coated on the tire, and then it is fired in the kiln. Tang Sancai is a kind of glazed pottery with low temperature (850℃-950℃). Copper (blue glaze), iron (ochre yellow), manganese (purple), cobalt (blue) and antimony (light yellow) are used as glaze colorants, and lead and aluminum are added as flux. Their glaze colors permeate each other. With the passage of time, some colors have changed, resulting in new colors, which have a high level of decorative arts. However, due to poor practicality, the three colors in the Tang Dynasty are mainly used for funerals, that is, funerals and figurines.
There are many kinds of tri-colored camels and foreign merchants in the Tang Dynasty, which are mainly divided into figures, animals and utensils. The characters are civil servants, military commanders, ladies, boys, maids, artists, conference semifinals and so on. Animals include horses, camels, cows, sheep, lions, tigers and so on. Utensils include containers, school utensils, indoor utensils, etc. In ancient times, Tri-colored Tang Dynasty was rarely used as daily necessities and furnishings, but mostly as funerary objects. It is mainly produced and popular in the Central Plains of China, and is used by bureaucrats of all sizes in this area. With the excavation of tombs in the Tang Dynasty, a large number of funerary objects, Tang Sancai, came out. The funerary objects of Tang Sancai are mainly divided into utensils, such as bowls, pots, plates and houses. There are also figurines, such as ladies, literati, conference semifinals, musicians, warriors, kings, horses, camels and so on.
Tang Sancai's artistic modeling reflects the social outlook and characteristics of the times at that time. Bodybuilding warriors, kings, plump horses and camels. , fully demonstrated the strength of the early Tang Dynasty; From the female figurines with slightly chubby faces and plump figures, we can see that people in the Tang Dynasty regarded fatness as beauty. ...
Seven. What are the characteristics of the capital of the Tang Dynasty? Tri-color in the Tang Dynasty also reflects the politics, culture and life of the Tang Dynasty from another aspect. Like other cultures in the Tang Dynasty, the three colors in the Tang Dynasty constitute the melody of the culture in the Tang Dynasty, but they are different from other cultures and arts. From the perspective of the history of modern ceramics, the tri-color in Tang Dynasty is an epoch-making milestone in the history of ceramics in Tang Dynasty, because before the Tang Dynasty, only. At most, it is a combination of two-color glazes. In the Han Dynasty in China, two colors, namely yellow and green glaze, were used on the same vessel. Then, after the Tang Dynasty, this colorful glaze color was used on ceramic utensils at the same time. Some people textual research from the history of ceramics, which is related to the great changes in aesthetics at that time in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, people advocated vegetarianism, but after the Tang Dynasty, they embraced various cultures. It contains many foreign cultures, that is to say, at this time, it has formed such a feature of a splendid culture, whether it is painting, ceramics or the production of gold and silver vessels.