abstract:

In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization in China, a large number of rural collective land has been expropriated, and tens of thousands of farmers have lost their land for survival. For farmers, land has the dual functions of means of production and social security. Once farmers lose their land, they immediately become a group without land, job and social security, and their lives are in trouble and become a new vulnerable group. Therefore, how to protect the legitimate rights and interests of landless peasants and solve their worries about social security has become an urgent economic problem, and it is also a social problem related to the overall situation of social stability and reform and development. Taking the data of Wujin District of Changzhou City as an example, this paper briefly analyzes the problems existing in the current resettlement of landless peasants and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.

Keywords: social security and employment placement of landless peasants

First, the status quo of landless peasants

With the deepening of reform, the construction of infrastructure such as transportation and energy has been fully rolled out, and the acceleration of urbanization has rapidly spawned a rapidly expanding social group-landless farmers. This situation is particularly prominent in the urban-rural fringe of large and medium-sized cities and developed areas with large population and small population. For example, in Wujin District of Changzhou City, during the four years from 1 999 to 2 (), the approved land acquisition area reached 155,500 mu, involving 1 268 villagers' groups and 54,000 farmers. Among them, there are 669 villagers' groups with per capita arable land less than 0. 1 mu after land acquisition, involving 669 farmers. It is normal to produce landless peasants in the process of urbanization, and the key to the problem is how to eliminate their worries. In fact, there were landless peasants in the planned economy era. At that time, governments at all levels attached great importance to the problem of land-lost farmers, and through a series of policies and measures, farmers were allowed to "exchange land for jobs", which realized the transformation from their status as farmers to their status as workers, enabled them to find employment in state-owned enterprises, and eliminated a series of problems such as future employment and pension for land-lost farmers. With China's transition to a socialist market economy, the construction of market economy has brought about the marketization of employment methods, and the traditional government resettlement methods have gradually failed, so the problem of landless peasants has begun to appear, especially in economically developed areas. In the process of land expropriation, the compensation distribution of landless peasants is chaotic, and the government competes with the people for profits and earns the difference of "low expropriation and high sale", which directly leads to the violation of the legitimate rights and interests of landless peasants.

Second, the current problems in the resettlement of landless peasants

(A) the short-term and inequality of the current land-lost resettlement methods

At present, after farmers lose their land, there are mainly the following resettlement methods: finding their own way out after monetary resettlement, resettlement by land-expropriated units or former collective economic organizations, and land-for-social security resettlement being explored in some places. At present, these resettlement problems have appeared to varying degrees.

1, monetary resettlement often has two disadvantages, one is that the resettlement standards are different. Because governments at all levels take the use of land acquisition as an important reference when formulating land compensation standards, farmers' compensation fees vary greatly, even several times, according to the different land use methods such as highway construction, water conservancy protection, enterprise land and commercial housing development, which causes strong dissatisfaction among farmers. Secondly, the one-time compensation fee is limited after all. Once used up or improperly used, it will be difficult for landless peasants to make a living if they are idle at home and have no land to farm to provide means of subsistence.

2. In the short term, the employment placement of land-expropriated units and former collective economic organizations does reflect that land-expropriated farmers have achieved employment, such as security, cleaning and green protection, but their jobs are often unstable and their income is uncertain, depending on the economic benefits of land-expropriated units or former collective economic organizations. Once the land-expropriated units or the original collective economic organizations are unsustainable, these land-expropriated farmers will also have no life.

3. Land-for-social-security migration is a new resettlement method that is being actively explored or implemented in southern Jiangsu. I think there are some difficulties in this method, mainly including: first, how to link the resettlement of landless peasants before the introduction of the new method, and whether the local government has the financial resources to bear it. For example, in recent years, Wujin District has occupied 886l mu of land for public welfare undertakings at or above the district level, such as highways, railways and large and medium-sized water conservancy construction. And the total land compensation is only 95.99 million yuan, and the agricultural population needs to be resettled. Because the compensation standard of this part of land is far lower than that of industrial land in the same period, if the whole society implements security, the contradiction of capital gap will be very prominent; Second, whether the compensation for land expropriation can achieve self-balance and sustainable development when it is used for social security, and whether it will bring greater hidden debt to the next government; Third, due to the different purposes of land acquisition and different compensation levels, it is finally reflected in how to determine individual social security benefits and whether they are relatively fair; Fourth, in order to ensure the source of social security funds for landless farmers, it may increase the land cost of enterprises, will it affect the investment environment of enterprises, and so on.

(2) Farmers can't find jobs after losing their land. At present, skilled and highly educated farmers who have received corresponding skills training in rural areas have found jobs, while the vast majority of farmers with low education, mainly farming, no work experience and skills or older farmers simply cannot find jobs. Due to the lack of employment and entrepreneurial ability, farmers are idle after losing their land, and their future life is extremely unstable. According to statistics, the unemployment rate of landless peasants is as high as 34%.

Farmers lack social security after losing their land.

Because land is not only the means of production and living of farmers, but also bears the social security function of farmers. However, the current resettlement methods often do not fully consider the social security issues such as pension, employment and medical care for landless farmers. Therefore, once the land is expropriated, farmers will lose their basic living bottom line, have no land to farm, no work to do, no social security, live on the edge of the city and become a new urban vulnerable group.

Third, the countermeasures to solve the problems in the resettlement of landless peasants

Urbanization is the fundamental way to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers in China. In the process of urbanization, the government needs to constantly adjust its decision-making mode to fully protect farmers' land rights and property rights. Urbanization should be conducive to driving farmers to get rich and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, rather than widening the gap between urban and rural areas, so that farmers lose their land and jobs, otherwise the significance of urbanization will be lost. How can we overcome the disadvantages in the current resettlement, truly protect the basic rights and interests of landless farmers and relieve their worries? First of all, we should respect farmers' ownership of collective land and stipulate compensation for land acquisition; Secondly, in the long run, the key is to solve the problem of the way out and retreat of landless peasants. The way out is to promote the employment of landless peasants, and the way out is to establish the basic living security and medical security system for landless peasants.

(A) standardize land acquisition compensation

1, subsidize farmers and establish a fair basic compensation standard. Compensation and resettlement fees for land acquisition mainly include land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, ground attachments and young crops compensation fees. Due to the different purposes of land acquisition, such as municipal projects or non-municipal projects, the compensation standards of commercial land and non-commercial land are inconsistent, which leads to the disparity in compensation fees when adjacent plots are requisitioned by different projects, which makes land-lost farmers unable to understand and accept. The author thinks that according to the law of market economy, different compensation should be given for different purposes of land acquisition, but it should be a relatively fair basic compensation for landless farmers. Among the compensation and resettlement fees for land acquisition, the land compensation fee and resettlement fee differ greatly according to the purpose of land acquisition and regional categories, and their value does not mainly depend on the input of farmers. Relatively speaking, land compensation fees and resettlement fees are more closely related to farmers themselves. Therefore, it is suggested that the compensation income generated by different purposes should be turned over to the finance at or above the county level in full, the social security fund should be supplemented for the social security of land-expropriated farmers, and the land attachments and young crops fees should be fully compensated to the land-expropriated farmers.

2. Unified management of compensation funds. Legally speaking, land compensation fees belong to rural collective economic organizations, but land-lost farmers have to exchange land income for social security. In some places, a few village cadres squander the life-saving money of land-lost farmers by taking advantage of the power they receive, or seize collective assets for themselves. Therefore, from the perspective of the equality of rights and obligations and the safety of fund management, the land compensation funds beyond the basic compensation standard for landless farmers should be managed by the financial special account of the social security fund at or above the county level, and the funds should be used for special purposes. In addition, in order to avoid short-term employment, hidden employment and possible black-box operation, it is suggested to cancel the compensation for resettlement employment of land-expropriated units and former collective economic organizations and implement all monetary compensation. The employment of landless peasants can be realized through market orientation, farmers' voluntary and government policy support. 3. Improve the compensation standard for farmers' demolition. The compensation standard for demolition can refer to the monetary resettlement of urban housing demolition, so that they can buy new houses in or around their original residence, or the land-expropriated units can ensure that the landless farmers have a fixed residence by purchasing affordable housing.

(2) Actively promote employment.

First of all, it is necessary to make it clear that the labor and social security departments are responsible for the vocational education and training of landless peasants, make use of and integrate existing social resources, such as existing training institutions and training bases, vigorously carry out practical technology and skills training for landless peasants, and provide targeted employment training to improve their labor skills and quality and enhance their employment competitiveness;

Secondly, we should make full use of the existing labor market and employment agencies to provide employment guidance information for landless farmers, organize the export of labor services for landless farmers, and create good conditions for their employment; Third, encourage landless farmers to achieve employment through part-time, temporary and seasonal employment. In terms of preferential policies to encourage employment, land-lost farmers who are not in agricultural registered permanent residence can enjoy preferential policies in taxation, administrative fees, job introduction, vocational training, social insurance subsidies, and small loan guarantees for laid-off workers, while land-lost farmers who are still in agricultural registered permanent residence can enjoy preferential policies for rural labor transfer.

(3) Reasonable enjoyment of social security

In order to reduce the risks faced by landless peasants in the market economy, it is absolutely necessary to bring landless peasants into the social security system. The content of social insurance should include the minimum living security for landless farmers, social insurance (pension, unemployment, medical care), vocational education and training, etc. And its funds come from the compensation of land-lost farmers and the value-added income after the conversion of cultivated land, which should be raised by the way of "the government gives a little, the collective makes up a little, and the individual gives a little". Among them, the part funded by the government is not less than 30% of the total guarantee funds, which will be charged from the land transfer fee and directly transferred to the social pooling account for adjustment; Collective commitment of not less than 40% of the total amount of guarantee funds, paid from the land compensation fee; Part of the personal burden is paid from the land acquisition and resettlement fees, and the funds paid by the collective and individuals enter the personal account. In order to ensure the sustainability of this system, the author believes that the social insurance standard of landless peasants is lower than that of urban workers, and the risk reserve for basic living security of landless peasants should be set up from the land transfer fee to cope with the future payment risk. In view of the difficulty for the government to set up social insurance personal accounts for landless farmers, it can inject funds into farmers' personal accounts in stages. At the same time, encourage landless farmers to actively participate in commercial insurance.

Explore other institutional guarantees for the long-term livelihood of landless farmers.

In addition to providing employment training, vocational education and social security resettlement for landless farmers, other resettlement methods should be actively explored to solve the long-term livelihood of landless farmers.

1. There are two ways to invest in shares: one is to pay the young crops fee and attachment compensation fee for land acquisition to farmers, and the land compensation fee and resettlement subsidy are invested in the form of shares to develop and expand the collective economy, so that landless farmers can benefit from collective profits; Second, through the capitalization and demutualization of land resources, participate in profit distribution in the form of land use right cooperation after land acquisition, and obtain land income. For example, in 200 1, Moujia Village, Jiaoxi Town, Wujin District took the lead in promoting joint-stock economic cooperatives, quantifying collective assets and land use rights to people in the form of shares. Rural collective assets (including land acquisition fees) are uniformly managed by community joint-stock cooperatives, and members enjoy dividend treatment according to shares. In the past three years, the annual dividend per share has reached 250 yuan, with an average of 625 yuan per capita and 2,500 yuan per household, and the farmers with the most dividends have reached 5 100.

2. Land allocation and resettlement means that the government sets aside or replaces some land and assets in the process of land acquisition, and collective economic organizations develop the collective economy by setting up secondary and tertiary industries in strict accordance with the requirements of urban planning, so as to solve the employment and living problems of some landless farmers and create conditions for promoting the transformation of rural communities into urban communities. For example, when Dadun Village, Hutang Town, Wujin District requisitioned land in the University Town, 2 1.5 mu of land was reserved according to the standards approved by the district, and 2.5 million yuan was invested to build a standard factory building, which was leased to 34 private enterprises at the price of 65 yuan per square meter, which increased the income of the village group.

3. Housing resettlement refers to the construction of multi-storey houses for landless peasants in the urban-rural fringe after the collective land is converted into state-owned land, which not only solves the housing of landless peasants, but also increases their income by renting out redundant houses, accelerates the transformation of landless peasants into citizens, and can better solve the current problem of "villages in cities". For example, when Wujin District of Changzhou University Town was demolished, the University New Village was planned and constructed from a high starting point. At present, more than 6,543,800 square meters of apartment-style resettlement houses have been built, and the compensation and resettlement measures for house demolition in Changzhou have been implemented.

The problem of landless peasants is related to the overall situation of reform, development and social stability. In accordance with the requirements of Theory of Three Represents and building a harmonious society, we should coordinate urban and rural economic and social development, attach great importance to and actively explore the protection of rights and interests of landless peasants in the process of urbanization, improve the monetized and market-oriented land acquisition and resettlement system, gradually establish a new trinity model of "economic compensation, social security and employment services", implement land acquisition and labor resettlement simultaneously, and establish social unemployment and old-age insurance for landless peasants.