Zhou Yusheng had an unfortunate childhood. He lost his mother at the age of 4 and lived with his father who worked as a clerk (managing writing and other errands) in the county government. He lost his father at the age of 10. Thanks to the help of his father and friends, he took care of his life and let him study in a private school at home. When Zhou Yisheng was young, he was smart and talented. 13 years old, took part in the imperial examination and passed the examination as a scholar. When the imperial examination was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty, he went to school at public expense.
study abroad
1906, 17 years old, he studied in Japan at public expense and studied in the Department of Political Economy of Waseda University. Join the League in Japan. 19 1 1 Return to China to participate in the struggle to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. At that time, he and a few friends ran the Republic of China Daily in Hankou, opposing Yuan Shikai's autocratic rule and propagating the idea of democratic revolution. Soon the newspaper was closed down, and he was wanted and fled to Shanghai. Later, with the support and help of Huang Xing, he obtained the public expense from Hunan Province to study in Britain. He studied politics and law at the University of Edinburgh, and then transferred to the University of Paris, France for further study, and obtained a doctorate in law from France. At this time, the First World War was coming to an end, and the victorious countries held a "peace meeting" in Paris. The imperialist powers forced China to accept Article 21 of Japan's humiliation and humiliation, which aroused the strong indignation of China students. Zhou Yusheng, together with China students studying in Britain and France, surrounded the representative of China who attended the Paris Peace Conference and was not allowed to sign the peace treaty. At this time, a vigorous May 4th Movement broke out in China. Students at home and abroad echoed each other from afar, opening a new chapter in China's revolution.
Return to China for development
192 1 At the end of the year, Zhou Yusheng returned to China and first served as the director of the legal and economic department of Shanghai Commercial Press. The following year, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, he went to Peking University as a professor and head of the political department. After 1926, he went to Nanjing Southeast University as a professor and head of the political department. 1In July, 928, the Kuomintang Government Academy formally decided to establish the National Wuhan University, and appointed Liu Shuqi (then director of Hubei Education Department), Li Siguang, Wang Xinggong, Zhou Yusheng and others to form the preparatory committee. Zhou Yusheng is one of the founders of National Wuhan University.
65438-0930 Professor and Head of Political Department of Wuhan University. During the Anti-Japanese War, Wuhan University moved westward to Leshan, Sichuan, and Zhou Yusheng was employed as the provost. 1September, 1939, Zhou Yusheng went to the United States to give lectures, and served as the representative of China at the annual meeting of the Pacific Institute of International Studies and the consultant of the China delegation to the United Nations organization meeting.
Wang Xinggong, then president of Wuhan University, petitioned the Ministry of Education of the Kuomintang government to resign due to illness. 1July, 945, with the approval of the Ministry of Education, Zhou Yusheng was appointed as the principal. 1945 Zhou Yusheng returned to China and was sworn in at the school on August 8.
Love education work
Zhou Yusheng loves education and has been engaged in teaching practice for a long time. When he was the provost and principal, he did not leave his teaching post. Sometimes he teaches as many as five or six courses. Lecturing at Peking University, even the window sill of the classroom is full of people who are listening to the lecture, which is very popular with students. Professor Han Depei, a famous jurist, said: "He started teaching international law in Peking University in 1922. Since then, as far as I know, few international law scholars who have made achievements in China have grown up without his direct or indirect influence. "
Cherish and respect talents
Zhou Yusheng cherishes and respects talents. When he was in America, he personally went to many universities to find professors. Han Depei and Zhang are three young professors he invited to teach at Harvard University. At that time, there were young professors in all colleges of Wuhan University. Zhou Yusheng admires Mr. Cai Yuanpei's bearing and spirit, and attaches great importance to people with real talent and practical learning. Just like this, Wuhan University has established a team of teachers with strong academic strength, which makes Wuhan University enjoy a high reputation and status.
The contribution of higher education
Zhou Yusheng is not only the founder and master of modern international law in China, but also a famous educator. He contributed to the higher education in China. At that time, when education was very depressed, he proposed that colleges and universities should not only develop in general, but also focus on development. It advocates enriching the people and strengthening the schools with good equipment, good teachers and good environment. He believes: "The results of running schools in various places cannot supplement good schools. Instead of running more schools, it is better to concentrate on a few better schools to enrich them. " And predicted: "The original building of Wuda University can only accommodate about 1000 people, and at least 5,000 people or even 10000 people will be accommodated in the future." "If we can't accommodate more students, how can we assume the responsibility of a first-class university?" During Zhou Yusheng's tenure as president, Wuhan University did make great progress. In addition to the original four colleges of arts, law, science and engineering, the Agricultural College will be restored and the Medical College will be added to make Wuhan University a multidisciplinary comprehensive university with six colleges.
Pay attention to theory and practice
Zhou Yusheng pays equal attention to theory and practice. In the teaching and research of international law, he integrated theory with practice and safeguarded the dignity and interests of the country. 193 1 year, the Japanese invaders occupied the northeast, Britain and France manipulated the League of Nations, sent a fact-finding mission to China on the pretext of mediating the Sino-Japanese dispute, concocted an investigation report of the League of Nations, and distorted the facts. In this regard, Zhou Yusheng published an article entitled "The Incident in Dongfang Province and the League of Nations" in the Social Sciences of Wuhan University (quarterly), which made a profound exposure from the perspective of international law. Later, some people in the League of Nations tried to absorb the puppet Manchukuo into the League of Nations. Zhou Yusheng also made a so-called recognition of Manchukuo, which was sternly refuted.
He criticized the Kuomintang government for attaching importance to the application of theory in education and "advocating practical subjects and compressing liberal arts". He pointed out: "From the standpoint of academic education, this is really inappropriate." He said: "Wu Da's future policies should pay more attention to theory." .
Zhou Yusheng attaches importance to talents and scientific research results. He advocated that universities should "cultivate talents" and "produce" (produce scientific research results). Tan often appeals: "It is the goal of everyone's future efforts to create a research atmosphere in schools and make academic contributions to the work of' production'."
Take care of students
Zhou Yusheng loves his students and has a sense of justice. Before liberation, the Kuomintang government appointed him as a legislator, but he refused to accept it and asked him to be the Minister of Education. 1947 in may, in the national student movement of "fighting hunger, civil war and persecution", the progressive students of Wu Da University wanted to publish a printed newspaper, Wu Da News, and asked him to write a headline, and he readily agreed. This student newspaper, which reports the news inside and outside the school and the movements of students around the country, criticized the reactionary policies of the Kuomintang. Finally, the Kuomintang Wuhan garrison headquarters ordered it to close down on charges of "absurd remarks and stirring people's hearts".
On June 1947 and 1 day, the "June 1 tragedy" that shocked the whole country occurred in Wuhan University. The Kuomintang military police killed three students with guns, injured many others and arrested progressive professors and students. Zhou Yusheng was in Nanjing at that time and flew back to Wuhan immediately after hearing the news. His heart was broken when he saw the student's tragic death. He said indignantly, "I am determined to strive for a reasonable solution to the tragedy, and the arrested teachers and students will be released immediately!" " Due to the struggle of teachers and students in the whole school and his call for action, the Kuomintang authorities were forced to dismiss Peng Shan, the commander of Wuhan garrison, release the arrested teachers and students, give preferential treatment to the relatives of martyrs, and promise that similar incidents will not happen again.
1In August, 948, the Kuomintang "Wuhan Special Criminal Court" attempted to harm 18 progressive students in the name of arraignment. Zhou Yusheng made it clear that students will be escorted to court by representatives of schools, professors' associations and student self-government associations, and a legal advisory committee headed by Professor Han Depei will be set up to defend students. Due to the cooperative struggle between teachers and students, the summoned students were quickly released on bail.
1949 1 month, Kuomintang agents arrested seven progressive students who were going to the liberated areas in Gejiaying, Wuchang. The news came that the representative of the student self-government association asked President Zhou to be an important person. Zhou Yusheng said firmly: "As long as you find out where you are, I can find someone!" Due to the efforts of Wuhan Democrats such as Zhou Yusheng and the struggle of students, the Kuomintang authorities were forced to release the arrested students.
Zhou Yusheng established close friendship with students in the struggle. 1March 6, 949 is the 60th birthday of Zhouyi. The Student Autonomy Association led by the underground party of Wu Da University held a birthday party for President Zhou, and also published an interview in Wuhan Dagang Daily to expand its influence. The students invited Mr. and Mrs. Zhou to sit on the stage and give congratulations. Finally, a drama praising Zhou Yusheng and his wife was staged, and the image of the old headmaster was put on the stage.
Refuse to transfer to another school
When Wuhan was close to liberation, Bai Chongxi ordered Wuhan University to move to Guilin. Zhou Yusheng refused in person. 1April, 949, he made a public statement at the symposium on welcoming liberation in Unity School: "Under any circumstances, never move to school!" Zhou Yusheng also made proper arrangements for the safety of the school and the lives of teachers and students. He said: school safety, "requires collective efforts, unity and joint defense, mutual assistance and contingency, and conscientiously do all the work to overcome difficulties." Regarding the life of teachers and students, he "ensures that the school is responsible for raising food and daily necessities for five months, six months, two months or even July." At the critical moment of the school, Zhou Yusheng kept calm in the face of crisis, and his attitude was clear and firm, which stabilized the hearts of the whole school. Finally, he handed over Wuhan University to the people completely, and made contributions to the higher education in New China. This achievement will not be forgotten by the people.
Be respected
In this way, he was trusted and respected by the party and the government. After liberation, he continued to serve as the president of Wuhan University, and served as a member of the Central South Military and Political Committee and deputy director of the Culture and Education Committee. From 65438 to 0950, the State Council's Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai hired international law experts to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Among them, Zhou Yisheng and Mei Ruao are advisors to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Liu Zerong, Ling, Lu Diandong, Ye Jingxin and Zhang Jiongbo are distinguished members of the Treaty Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ni was hired later), and Zhou Yisheng is an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China (PRC). Since then, he has also served as the vice president of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs. He has served as a deputy to the First to Third National People's Congress and vice chairman of the Third National People's Congress Motion Committee. 1956, joined the China * * * production party.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhou Yusheng was mainly engaged in diplomatic and legislative work. From 65438 to 0954, he served as the first consultant for drafting the socialist constitution in China, and Dong commented that he had "made great contributions". In order to restore China's legitimate seat in the United Nations, he published many influential and weighty articles according to the principles of international law. And received many visiting important foreign guests.
Zhou Yusheng has made many achievements in the diplomatic career of New China. He approved the English name of People's Republic of China (PRC) as People's Republic of China (PRC). He suggested going to the DPRK to fight in the name of "Chinese people's Volunteer Army", which won more space for China's diplomatic struggle. At Zhou Yusheng's suggestion, the Five Principles of Peace changed "mutual respect for territorial sovereignty" to "mutual respect for territorial integrity" and "equality and mutual benefit" to "equality and mutual benefit", which was officially used by Premier Zhou in his speech at the Bandung Conference in 195. In August, 1958, Zhou Yusheng, Liu Zerong and Ni were called to Beidaihe to meet with them, and they consulted the two leaders for two hours on the breadth of the territorial sea and the legal system. Three experts believe that China should take 12 nautical mile as the width of its territorial sea. 1958 On September 4th, according to Zhou Yusheng's suggestion, the China government promulgated the Declaration on People's Republic of China (PRC)'s Territorial Seas. Article 1 declares that "the width of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s territorial sea is 12 nautical mile, which is applicable to Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands" and declares the Bohai Sea as the inland sea of China. Since then, China has a legal territorial sea width.
1964, he completed a 600,000-word magnum opus, International Law, which not only introduced the ins and outs of international law, as well as the western international law theory and practice, the Soviet Union and the third world's international law viewpoints, but also promoted the diplomatic practice of new China, such as the Five Principles of Peace, to the basic principles of modern international law, and wrote it into this book, which was published in 1970.
After the Cultural Revolution began, Zhou Yusheng's property was robbed, but he was left idle without further persecution. 1971On April 20th, Zhou Yusheng died in Beijing. At the age of 83 (82).
Character communication
/kloc-in the summer of 0/947, Hu Shi, then president of Peking University, talked to the press about running key universities well. He suggested that in about 10 years, we should concentrate manpower, material resources and financial resources to turn several key universities into world-class universities, just like Cambridge and Oxford in Britain. He specifically mentioned that Peking University, Tsinghua University, Wuhan University, Zhejiang University and Zhong Da University should be run well first. His speech was first published in Ta Kung Pao and spread quickly. Although this question was put forward by a single family, it seemed to come from Hu Shizhi at that time, but it was of great significance, which caused many experts concerned about university education to participate in a debate that lasted for half a year. At that time, "Wu Da Ren" paid attention to this matter.
1948 In the early summer, Zhou Yusheng, president of Wuhan University, invited several scholars from outside to give lectures at Wuhan University, one of whom was the famous Dr. Hu. On the first day of the lecture, the keynote speakers were Hu Shi and Li Ji. Mr Li Ji is an archaeologist of Academia Sinica. At that time, Wu Da had no archaeology major. Most students are not familiar with Mr. Li, and many of them mainly admire Hu Shi's name. When Hu Shihe appeared on the rostrum at the same time, the audience packed with the audience eagerly looked at President Zhou to see how he arranged for the two guests to "appear".
President Zhou Yusheng stood in the center of the rostrum, looked around the audience and said with a smile, "We invited two guests today. One is Mr. Hu Shi, president of Peking University, surnamed Hu, and the other is a famous archaeologist of Academia Sinica, surnamed Hu. Their names and words coincide! President Hu Shi joked with me yesterday that I put them both on (Luojiashan)! As everyone knows, I know nothing about archaeology. Fortunately, President Hu Shi knows everything. Would you please ask him to introduce Professor Li Jizhi to you now? " At this time, the audience broke into warm applause. Hu Shi was pushed to the front desk and said, "President Zhou of your is an old friend of mine and a knowledgeable man! He is very modest and wants me to' jump ship'. In fact, like everyone else, I came to listen to Mr. Li Jizhi's lecture today. " Then he briefly introduced the situation of Mr. Li. Then Professor Li Jizhi also exchanged a few pleasantries before getting down to business. President Zhou Yusheng arranged the "appearance" of these two scholars just right, and was later passed down as a beautiful talk.