I. Basic overview
Nanjing, referred to as Ning. Old English translation Nanjing.
general idea
Nanjing is located in the hilly area of Ningzhen in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is located at 3 1 14 "north latitude to 32 37"118 22 "east longitude to1/965438 east longitude.
province
Jiangsu Province
Jurisdiction area
13. Nanjing * * * governs 1 1 municipal districts.
street
There are 74 sub-district offices in the city.
villages and small towns
5 1 town, 857 community neighborhood committees and 832 village committees.
government
The Beauty of a City —— Nanjing Municipal Government is located in Xuanwu District. Party Secretary Zhu, Acting Mayor Ji Jianye.
zone
The city covers an area of 6,598 square kilometers, including 4,844 square kilometers in the urban area and 592.77 square kilometers in the built-up area (as of 2008).
Human population
The registered population of the city is 60172,000, the permanent population is 74130,000, and the urban registered population is 5.344 million. The registered population of the eight districts in the south of the Yangtze River within the ring road is 2.6 million (living in the eight districts of Xiaguan, Gulou, Jianye, Baixia, Qinhuai, Xuanwu, Qixia and Yuhuatai, which are 250 square kilometers surrounded by the ring road in the south of the Yangtze River, accounting for more than 40% of the total registered population in Nanjing).
nation
There are 5 1 ethnic groups in Nanjing, among which the Han nationality accounts for 98.56% of the total population. Baixia district Zhimaying and Chaotian Palace have the largest number of Hui people.
religion
There are five major religions in this city: Taoism, Catholicism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. There are nearly 300,000 religious believers and more than 300 religious personnel. There are 289 sites for religious activities approved by the government.
dialect
Nanjing Mandarin
Nanjing dialect, which is popular in most parts of Nanjing, belongs to Huaixi dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin, while dialects in western Gaochun County and southern Lishui County belong to Taigao dialect of Wu dialect. Historically, Wu dialect was used in Nanjing. During the Jin Dynasty, the Luoyang sound introduced by the Han nationality in the Central Plains merged with the local Wu sound in Nanjing to form the Jinling sound. Qieyun is a representative of the medieval phonology, which was compiled on the basis of Jinling and Charlotte sounds.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
In 2008, it is estimated that the city's GDP will reach 377.5 billion yuan, and the per capita GDP will reach 50,883 yuan.
city flower
Chinese plum
City tree
cedar
city emblem
To ward off/exorcise evil spirits
Song of the city
What a beautiful jasmine!
Another name
Yecheng Yuecheng Stone Town Moling Jinling Jianye Yangzhou Jianye Jiankang Qinhuai Shengzhou Jiangzhou Shangyuan Baixia Qing Ji Yingtian Jiangning Tianjing Longpanhu Building Zhongshan, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties and Ten Dynasties, is in Fenghuangcheng.
geography
Located at the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the east of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the southwest of Jiangsu Province. It is located more than 300 kilometers east of Shanghai. It borders Zhenjiang and jurong city in Jiangsu Province in the east, Chuzhou City (Lai 'an County, Nanqiao District and Quanjiao County), Chaohu City (Hexian County) and Maanshan City (Jinjiazhuang District, Huashan District, Yushan District and dangtu county) in Anhui Province in the west, Xuancheng City (Xuanzhou District and Langxi County) in Anhui Province in the south, and liyang city City in Jiangsu Province and Yizheng City in Anhui Province in the north. Across the banks of the Yangtze River, the maximum longitudinal distance from north to south is 140 km, and it is 80 km from east to west, with a total area of 6,598 square kilometers. Nanjing borders Yizheng City, Zhenjiang City and jurong city City in Jiangsu Province in the east, Lai 'an County, Nanqiao District and Quanjiao County in Chuzhou City in Anhui Province in the west, and Chaohu County, Jinjiazhuang District, Huashan District, Yushan District and dangtu county in Maanshan City in Anhui Province in the north. The urban area is 4844 square kilometers and the built-up area is 592.77 square kilometers.
condition
Nanjing is a sub-provincial city, the capital of Jiangsu Province, a national historical and cultural city, a national comprehensive transportation hub, an important national innovation base, a regional modern service center, an advanced manufacturing base in the Yangtze River Delta, an ecologically livable city along the Yangtze River, and an important national central city in the Yangtze River Delta.
Nanjing is an important comprehensive industrial production base in China. Nanjing ranks second among domestic cities in terms of electronic and chemical production capacity, third in terms of vehicle manufacturing scale, leading in technology and scale of machinery manufacturing, and leading in large household appliances and building materials industries. Nanjing is an important transportation and communication hub in East China. An omni-directional, three-dimensional and large-capacity transportation network has been established. Railway, highway, water transport, air transport and pipeline are complete, with modern communication system. Nanjing is one of the four scientific research and education centers in China, an important base for higher education and scientific research in China, and has a number of first-class universities and scientific research institutions in China. It is listed as one of the "Top 40" cities in China by nine ministries and commissions. It has been awarded the titles of "Top 50 Cities with Comprehensive Strength", National Garden City, China Excellent Tourist City, National Advanced City with Prosperity through Science and Technology, National Model City with Double Support, National Top Ten Cities with Comprehensive Improvement of Urban Environment, National Advanced City with Scientific and Technological Progress, National Experimental Zone for Integration of Informatization and Industrialization, National Pilot City for Comprehensive Reform of Science and Technology System, National Environmental Protection and National Health City. Nanjing is located in the vast plain of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, living by the river, and the "golden waterway" passes through the city. As a natural port, Nanjing Port has become the largest inland port in the Far East, and its urban development is also located in a riverside port city. At present, it has become a comprehensive industrial base with electronics, automobiles and chemicals as the leading industries, and an important transportation hub and communication center in eastern China.
Nanjing won the UN Habitat Award and the China Habitat Environment Award in 2008, and recently won the title of "National Civilized City", ranking among the cities with the most educational happiness in China, the most soft power in China and the most educational development in China in 2009.
Second, the historical evolution
1. Qin Chu Wang Qi
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nanjing was located in the "Wu Tou Chu Wei" and was the seat of the State of Wu.
In 472 BC, after the destruction of Wu by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, ordered Fan Li, the King of Yue, to build Yuecheng on the Qinhuai River, which was the earliest ancient city in Nanjing.
In 306 BC, Yue was destroyed, Wu's hometown was taken, a city was built on the rocky mountain, and Jinling City was set up. The site is in this stone city, that is, between Caochangmen and Qingliangmen in the west of Nanjing.
In 223 BC, Qin destroyed Chu, and in 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang made an east tour and changed Jinling to Moling to show his condemnation.
In the early Han Dynasty, Moling was the fief of Han Xin, the king of Chu, and Liu Bi, the king of Wu. 128 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established his son as Danyanghou, Liu Xu as Huhou and Moling Hou.
Ancient capital of six dynasties
/kloc-in 0/95, Sun Ce crossed the river and occupied Danyang, Jiangcheng, Hushu and Moling counties. Around 208 years ago, Zhuge Liang sent messengers to Jiangdong to observe the beautiful scenery of Nanjing's mountains and rivers, and made a famous comment that "Zhong Pan, Shi Hu resides". 2 1 1 year, Sun Quan listened to Zhang Hong, a counselor, and moved from Jingkou to Moling, renamed Jianye. In 229, the rising sun was the capital of Nanjing, starting from Wuchang. Wushitoucheng site is located between Caochangmen and Qingliangmen in the west of Nanjing.
In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, and the reconstruction industry was Jianye. Later, in order to avoid the Jin emperor Sima Ye, it was renamed Jiankang. Si Marui, the king of Langtong, crossed the south, based on health. In 3 17, Si Marui acceded to the throne, which was the capital of Jiankang for the formal establishment of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In 420, in order to build health for Song Wudi and Song Liguo, Emperor Wu of Song proclaimed himself emperor. In 479, Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Song Dynasty, for the sake of Qi State, Qi State and Du Health. In 502, he proclaimed himself Emperor Liang and Jian Kang. In 557, Chen Baxian proclaimed himself emperor for Chen Wudi, Chen Liguo and Jiankang.
Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were also called the Six Dynasties, so Nanjing was called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. Today, Nanjing Library retains the ruins of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time with a population of one million. Developed economy and prosperous culture have preserved the ancient Chinese culture in the south of the Yangtze River.
3. Jinling feelings
In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ordered the leveling of Jiankang City, taking Shitou Town as Jiangzhou capital, and Yang Di changed it to Danyang County.
Since then, the rulers of Sui and Tang Dynasties have successively adopted the strategy of restraining Nanjing, moved Yangzhou administrative office from Jinling to Guangling, and once cancelled the establishment of Nanjing State. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Du and Fu owned the rebels to occupy Danyang County, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and changed Danyang into a naturalized place in the Tang Dynasty. Du was detained when he entered the DPRK, and Fu Gongyou rebelled and established the Song regime. Jiangnan, Tang Ping, is a rising country. In 758, the famous calligrapher Yan Zhenqing was appointed as the secretariat of Shengzhou. The following year, he set up a monument for the release pool of Wulongtan, and the site has been up to now. Li Bai lived in Shengzhou in his later years and died in Dangtu, southwest of Nanjing in 762. In 783, due to the rebellion of the buffer region, Tang Dezong intended to move the capital, and Han Kun, the town navy division, rebuilt Jinling, but failed.
In the Five Dynasties, Yang Wu and Guo Li built Jinling, thinking it was the western capital. In 937, Xu Zhimo (Li Bian) replaced Wu, founded the country in Nantang, made Jinling its capital, and changed Jinling House to jiangning house.
4. Accompany the capital to build health
In 975, the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty, and jiangning house was promoted to the state. 10 18 years, with Zhao Huizi (later renamed), he became the crown prince and was promoted to jiangning house. Zhao Zhen acceded to the throne for Song Renzong. Jiangning is a prosperous place, and trusted ministers (such as Bao Zheng) are often the prefects of Jiangning. Song Shenzong and Wang Anshi went to Jiangning twice to serve as the prefect and presided over the political reform. 1 120 years, Fang La fought against the Song Dynasty, but failed to seize Jiangning from the north and control Jiangnan, leading to ultimate failure.
1 127, Song Gaozong acceded to the throne, accepted the suggestion of the hawkish Li Gang, and changed jiangning house to Jiankang House as the east capital. Shortly after the nomads from the south, the emperor fled south and arrived in Hangzhou. 1 137, at the insistence of Yue Fei and others, Song Gaozong returned to Hangdu Jiankang again. 1 138, Song Gaozong once again fled to Hangzhou as the capital of "Xiu De, regardless of risks", and officially established its capital, changing Hangzhou to Lin 'an Prefecture. Jiankang House is the capital.
1275, Yuan Bing went south and took Jiankang House as Jiankang Road. 1329 Kang Road was rebuilt as a road.
5. An enlightened city
1356, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Qing Ji and changed Qing Ji Road to Yingtianfu. As a base, Zhu Yuanzhang called himself Wu Guogong. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself in Yingtian, with the title of Ming Taizu. Yingtianfu is the capital of Nanjing, and Kaifeng is the capital of Beijing. /kloc-stopped in Beijing in 0/378 and changed Nanjing as the capital. 1386, the capital city wall was completed. Nanjing was expanded on the basis of the old city of Qing Ji Road in Yuan Dynasty. The city consists of three parts, namely, the old city, the palace area and the garrison area. The latter two are extensions of the early Ming Dynasty. A masonry wall with a length of 33.68 kilometers was built around these three areas, which is now the Ming wall of Nanjing. It is the largest city wall in the world (followed by Paris; In China, followed by Beijing). The wall foundation of Nanjing City Wall is paved with strip stones, and the wall is built with big city bricks of about 10cm×20cm×40cm, mixed with soil. The bricks used were fired in 25 counties along the Yangtze River/Kloc-0, and delivered to Nanjing for use. The names of production officials, potters and servants were printed on each brick, and its strict quality responsibility system can be imagined. Thirteen gates were built along the city wall, and towers were built on the gates. 1403, the capital of Ming Chengzu was Beiping. /kloc-at the end of 0/420, Ming moved its capital to Beijing with its capital in Nanjing. 1644, Emperor Chongzhen hanged Jingshan Park, and Beijing was trapped. Axe King and Zhu Yousong acceded to the throne in Nanjing.
[6] The situation in heaven
1645, the Qing army conquered Nanjing. Change South Zhili to jiangnan province, and Yingtianfu to jiangning house. 1649, Jiangning established the Governor of Liangjiang. 1853, the Taiping army conquered Jiangning and changed Jiangning to Tianjing, thinking that it was the capital. 1864, the Qing army conquered Tianjing, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished.
Once upon a time, the city of fraternity
Buildings of the Republic of China are scattered all over Nanjing (partially) 19 12. Sun Yat-sen became the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing, with Nanjing as the capital.
1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Nanjing. Soon, the Nanjing National Government was established.
On September 1937 and 19, Gu, commander of Japan's Third Fleet, ordered the indiscriminate bombing of Nanjing and others.
After the Japanese army occupied Shanghai, 200,000 troops from north and south attacked Nanjing. China's army fought bloody battles with 654.38 million people and fought bravely against the invaders.
At the dawn of 65438+February 10, the Japanese army launched a fierce attack on the south capital. It was not until 2 pm on 12 that the Japanese army first broke through the Zhonghua Gate. 13, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, followed by a bloody massacre in Nanjing for half a year. In the most violent six weeks, * * * killed more than 300,000 of my compatriots, more than 10,000 women in rape 2, and one third of Nanjing was set on fire, plundering countless cultural relics and property, which is known as the "Nanjing Massacre" in history.
⒏ * * and Nanjing
1949 On April 24th, China People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and established Nanjing Municipal People's Government.
After 1949, Nanjing was first a municipality directly under the central government.
1952 Jiangsu Province was restored, and Nanjing was reduced to a provincial city, which is the capital of Jiangsu Province. 1990 Nanjing was designated as a city under separate state planning, and 1994 the provincial capital city was abolished. The Central Organization Establishment Committee of the State Council has determined that the administrative level of Nanjing is sub-provincial.
(9) the establishment of the government
Yuecheng: 472 BC
Jinling Post: 333 BC
Jianye: AD 2 1 1.
Jiangning house: 937 AD.
Healthy house: A.D. 1 127
Nanjing (Yingtianfu): AD 1368.
Nanjing house: AD 19 12.
Nanjing Special City (Capital Special City): AD 1927.
Nanjing: A.D. 1930.
Nanjing (municipality directly under the Central Government):1949 May 10.
Nanjing (municipality under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province): 1953 65438+ 10 month.
Nanjing (sub-provincial city): A.D. 1995
Three. Environmental resources
1. Climate
Nanjing is a subtropical monsoon humid climate zone with abundant rainfall and distinct seasons. The annual average temperature is 15.4℃, the annual extreme temperature is 39.7℃ at the highest and-13. 1℃ at the lowest, the annual average precipitation is1106mm, and the weather is fine in spring. In the rainy season, it is rainy and continuous; It is hot in summer, and it is also called "three stoves" with Wuhan and Chongqing; Autumn is dry and cool; Winter is cold and dry. Nanjing is short in spring and autumn, long in winter and long in summer, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is significant. The four seasons have their own characteristics and are suitable for tourism. Therefore, there is a saying of "spring outing to Niutou Yanlan", "summer viewing to Zhongfu Qingyun", "autumn viewing to Qixia Mountain Scenic Area" and "winter viewing to Shicheng Jixue".
"Hot in summer and cold in winter" is a remarkable climate feature of Nanjing compared with other cities in the south of the Yangtze River. Usually 65438+2 In the snow has the most opportunities. If you happen to encounter heavy snow in Nanjing, it is also charming, and the snow scene in Jiangnan is even more charming.
4. Topography
Nanjing's plane position is long from north to south and narrow from east to west, showing a positive north-south direction; The straight-line distance between north and south is150km, the east-west width in the middle is 50-70km, and the east-west width at the north and south ends is about 30km. The southern part is a landform complex composed of low mountains, hills, valley plains, lakeside plains and rivers along the river.
The landform area is a part of Ningzhen and Yangshan, and the low hills account for 64.52% of the city's total area. The Nanjing section of the Yangtze River is about 95km long; Qinhuai River in the south and Chuhe River in the north are the two main tributaries of the Yangtze River in Nanjing, and its valley plain is an important agricultural area. The water surface accounts for 1 1.4% of the city's total area, and the plains and depressions account for 24.08%.
There are three types of plains in Nanjing: valley plain, lakeside plain, coastal plain and Jiang Xinzhou. Valley plains mainly include Qinhuai River valley plains along Qinhuai River, most of which are 7 ~ 10 meters above sea level; The Jinchuan River Valley Plain is distributed along the Jinchuan River to the north of the Drum Tower, most of which are 6 ~ 10 meters above sea level. There are plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Chuhe River in Jiangbei, most of which are 5 ~ 10 meters above sea level. The eastern part of Gaochun is the Xu Xi Valley Plain, and the southern part is the lakeside area of Shijiu Lake and Gucheng Lake. Most of the ground is 5-7 meters above sea level. Land along the river is distributed in Shangxinhe-Banqiao, Pukou along the river, south of Liuhe Guabu and Fang Ying Township in Jiangning. There are more than ten Jiang Xinzhou in Jiang Xinzhou, including Baguazhou, Jiang Xinzhou, Xinjizhou and Xinglong. Most of them are 4 ~ 7 meters above sea level.
3. Mountains.
There are Dongping Mountain and Wild Mountain in the north of Liuhe District in the suburbs, and Fangshan Mountain and Lingyan Mountain dominated by basalt in the southeast. From northeast to southwest, there is Pukou Laoshan; Suburbs and Jiangning District are the distribution areas of Shanxi section of Ningzhen. Qixia Mountain, Nanxiangshan Mountain and Mufu Mountain (the northern branch of Zhongshan) are distributed in the first column, Lingshan Mountain and Zijinshan Mountain (the middle branch of Zhongshan) are distributed in the second column, and Tangshan Mountain, Fangshan Mountain and Niushou Mountain (the southern branch of Zhongshan) are distributed in the third column. The eastern part of Lishui County and Gaochun County is a part of the Maoshan Mountains. Besides these famous mountains, there are many nameless hills. In fact, Mount Zijinshan, Mount Jiuhua and other mountains are the remains of Mount Maoshan in Jurong.
Nanjing urban area is uneven. The remaining vein of the middle branch of Zijinshan Mountain extends westward, and Fuguishan, Xiaojiuhua Mountain and Beijige near Taiping Gate enter the city, and continue to connect with the loess hills in Xia Shu accumulated by the ancient Yangtze River to the west, dividing Nanjing into two parts, forming a natural watershed between Qinhuai River system and Jinchuan River system. There is Lion Mountain (also known as Lv Longshan) near Rust Ball Park in the north, Maanshan in the west and Lion Hill (also known as Agate Hill and Jubaoshan) in the south. Surrounded by mountains, there are Purple Mountain, Niushou Mountain, Mufu Mountain, Qixia Mountain, Tangshan Mountain, Qinglong Mountain, Huanglong Mountain, Fangshan Mountain, Zutang Mountain, Yuntai Mountain, Laoshan Mountain, Lingyan Mountain and Maoshan Mountain. In addition, Fu Guishan, Jiuhua Mountain, Arctic Pavilion Mountain, Liang Qingshan, Lion Mountain and Jilong Mountain are scattered in the city, forming many mountains, waters and hills.
4. River
The main rivers in Nanjing are the Yangtze River and Qinhuai River. The Nanjing section of the Yangtze River starts from the south of Tongjing Town in Jiangning and ends in the east of Fangying Town in Jiangning, with a length of about 95 kilometers. Qinhuai River length103km; There are two branches outside Wudingmen, Nanjing. A tributary is the main stream, called Waiqinhuai River, which flows through Zhonghua Gate, Shuiximen Gate and Dinghuaimen around the city and flows into the Yangtze River from Sancha River. Another river is called Neiqinhuai River, which enters the city from Tongjimen Dongshuiguan and divides into two tributaries at Huaiqing Bridge. The south branch is "Shili Qinhuai", which passes through Wende Bridge of Confucius Temple to Shuiximen Xishuiguan, leaving the city to join the mainstream. The northern branch is the ancient Du Yun, which passes through the inner bridge to Zhanggong Bridge, leaving the culvert and entering the mainstream.
There is a Chuhe River in the north of Nanjing, with a total length of 1 10 km, a curved river course and a catchment area of 7,900 square kilometers. There are Chunli Canal and Tianshengqiao River in the south.
5. Lake
There are Xuanwu Lake, Biwa Lake, Xiazi Lake and Mochou Lake in Nanjing, with lake areas of 3.7 square kilometers and 0.37 square kilometers respectively. There are Shijiu Lake and Gucheng Lake in the south of the city, with lake areas of 20 1 km2 and 24.3 km2 respectively.
biology
Nanjing, located in the north subtropical zone, is the region with the richest modern plant resources and the most plant species in China. There are mountains, rivers and lakes, mild climate, rich and diverse wildlife resources, and its animal species are enough to represent the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Nanjing belongs to the hilly region of the north and south plains of the Yangtze River in the plant distribution division of Jiangsu Province, and it is a transitional area from deciduous broad-leaved forest to deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest. The main distribution tree species are Pinus massoniana, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Liquidambar formosana, Toona sinensis, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Ilex pubescens, Heather and so on. There are also some exotic plants, such as cedar, loblolly pine and magnolia grandiflora. There are nearly 50 species of deciduous broad-leaved forests such as Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Liquidambar formosana, Toona sinensis and Tilia amurensis, and evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla and Ilex. There are 40 kinds of wild medicinal plants such as Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. There are abundant wildlife resources, and the national protected animals that inhabit and breed are Chinese sturgeon, baiji dolphin, alligator, jianglu, finless porpoise, mandarin duck, long-eared osprey and short-eared osprey.