On the third day of May in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), after Dourgen entered Beijing, he ordered Ming officials to say, "All government officials can still be appointed, and their titles can be reported quickly, such as pretending to be hypocrites. He caught the thief and returned to his hometown. He lived in seclusion in the mountains and was still employed by the original official. " On the sixth day, he also "ordered the government officials in Beijing, such as the Cabinet, the Sixth Ministry and the Duchayuan, to work together with the original officials and the Manchu officials". In this way, at the beginning of Yanjing, the Qing court inherited all the central institutions such as the former Ming cabinet, and also retained the former Ming officials to work with the Manchu officials, and the king was in charge of ministerial affairs, which made the central government institutions run quickly. At the beginning of the six departments, they were all full, and Han Guan could only serve as assistant minister. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), in July, "The History of Han Dynasty was divided into six parts, one of which was the Imperial History of Han Zuodu". Six people, including Chen Mingxia, were appointed as Han Shangshu, and Xu Qiyuan was appointed as the suggestion of Han Zuodu in Douchayuan. Six departments and Duchayuan implemented Manchu-Chinese copying, which has since become customized. However, under the established national policy of "respecting Manchu first" in the Qing Dynasty, "the power belongs to Manchu", and Han officials can only admire it.

Although Dourgen made it clear that the cabinet officials of the Ming Dynasty were integrated with the officials of the Qing Dynasty, the drafting right of this important chapter at that time was not in the inner three courts. In June of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), college students Quan Feng and Hong Chengchou tried to restore the draft pick in the cabinet. Dourgen followed their advice. Quan Feng, Hong Chengchou and other former Ming and Qing college students intended to restore the status of the Inner Third Hospital to the power of the Ming cabinet, but Dourgen agreed and actually followed the Ming cabinet system. However, less than a year after the draft of the ticket was drafted, Dourgen thought that "whenever Chen plays the chapter, he will feel very late", which often delays his work, so he decided that civil and military officials from various ministries and provinces would no longer draft the ticket through the inner court university students. Political articles, foreign secrets, strange strategies, etc., which have nothing to do with the six plays, "all go to the inner court." In this way, the power of drafting votes is useless, which shows that the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty did not want an invincible power cabinet for fear of losing power. At the same time, it was also closely related to the dispute between China officials and the North and the South between the Inner Third Hospital and courtiers at that time. Main item: North-South Party struggle

In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), after the death of Regent Dourgen, Quanfeng, who was favored by Dourgen, was asked to be an official. In July of the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), Chen Mingxia, a senior official of the official department, was appointed as a university student of Hong Wen Academy. Later, he was dismissed because of the Chen Mingxia case. The dispute between Han officials and North and South was mixed with the contradiction between Manchu nobles.

After the emperor shunzhi came to power, he "learned Chinese well" and "sought talents and sought governance", regardless of the opposition of Manchu nobles, and attached great importance to Han Chinese officials, which were used by both northerners and southerners. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Chen Mingxia and Quanfeng successively resumed the positions of college students in the secretariat of history and Hong Wen College. Shunzhi emperor told Hong Chengchou, Chen Mingxia, etc. The great scholar wanted to take the entrance examination for Hanlin officials in person and judge the quality of their writings for backup, so the dispute between North and South began again. When addressing the right person, Quanfeng said: "Southerners are better than writing, but their actions are inconsistent. Northerners are shorter than writing, but they are not bad. Today, those who are good at writing as well as writing can use it. " Trying to exclude southerners. Chen Mingxia once laughed at northerners and said, "Northern learning loves to copy the old and use unreadable sentences and words." Think that "ridiculous can be blamed at this point"! He also said: northerners "enter the company as officials, and they talk eloquently, covering their feet and not laughing." Ironically, I think northerners are ignorant, but they don't know how to pretend to understand, and they don't understand "well-meaning". Chen Mingxia looked down on northerners, so "there are many southerners in the hub, and the north is taboo." The dispute between the north and the south is incompatible. The emperor shunzhi also knew that they wouldn't give in to each other, saying: It's contradictory with Chen, which I know, but he took Quan Feng's words as the truth and was wary of Chen Mingxia, because Chen Mingxia had joined the Lindong Party.

In the Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia, the dispute between Han officials and North and South was also intertwined with the internal contradictions of Manchu nobles, making it difficult to form a customized cabinet. Until July of the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), the emperor shunzhi, who was "Hua Mu-oriented", changed his name to "* * *" in order to make be worthy of the name, and ordered to "remove the secretary of the Third Hospital, Hong Wen and the national history", destroy the old seals of the Third Hospital, imitate the Ming system and change its name to the cabinet. Manchu is called Dolgij yamen. Another Hanlin Academy is set up, which is called Heiyamen in Manchu. All cabinet university students have the title of hall and library, and the university students are the positive five, which is lower than the six books (the positive two), but most of them enter the cabinet with the books, so they actually enjoy the positive two. The low rank of college students means that the rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties did not put the cabinet in a balanced position in order to prevent the power of college students from being too great. Main items: the south study room of the military department.

In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1 year), the emperor shunzhi died and the eight-year-old Emperor Kangxi succeeded to the throne. Four ministers, Sony, Suksaha, Zieba Bilong and Ao Bai, assisted the government, and the conservative forces among the Manchu nobles took power. In the emperor shunzhi's testamentary edict, "Ji Gang's statutes, personnel administration, and the method of not admiring Emperor Taizong's mo Lie" were regarded as the standard. Restored the inner third hospital. The names of the Cabinet and imperial academy should be abolished. In the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), after Emperor Kangxi purged Ao Bai and his companions, in the ninth year of Kangxi (1670) in August, he inherited the system of fifteen years of Shunzhi (1658), and "changed the Inner Third Hospital to the Cabinet and established imperial academy". A college student, with the title of hall, minister, bachelor and assistant minister. At this point, the Qing cabinet system was stable. After Yong Zhengdi acceded to the throne, the Manchu university students in the cabinet still had great power. They continued to echo Wang's remarks and said, "Take over the government and draft this chapter", which seriously affected the stability of feudal autocratic centralization of authority. In the struggle against the Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi took the opportunity of "urgent northwest military affairs" to set up a "military department", which finally cleared the way for the further development of feudal autocratic imperial power.

In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), the Manchu-Chinese university students were the first class, and the university students became the highest-ranking civil servants in the Qing Dynasty. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), it was designated as three pavilions and three pavilions. The three halls are: Baohe Hall, Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall; These three pavilions are Wenyuan Pavilion, Dongge Pavilion and Tijen Pavilion. There are two college students in each class and each hall. Prince Li Zhaoyun said, "At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Wen, the cabinet was changed to the Third Academy of Secretary and National History, all of which were college students and petty officers, imitating the system of Song Dynasty and Ji Xian. After entering the customs, it still follows its system. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, the Ming system was restored, and the name of the college students was changed to Zhonghe Hall, Baohe Hall, Wuying Hall, Wenhua Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion and Dongge. After 13 years of Qianlong, I specially decided not to be a college student in Zhonghe Hall, but to change to Tijen Pavilion to match the name of Three Halls and Three Pavilions. " The status of college students is respected. "Its products are first-class." As a military aircraft, since the prince, its leader must be a college student, and Tang and Yuan Sangong are not as good. "

Guan Shiming, then a military official, said in Preface to Poems of Crane Half Nest that the duties of the Cabinet, the Chamber of Deputies and the Southern Study Room were: "The initial system of the country was the Chamber of Deputies in military department, and its special imperial edict was issued by the Southern Study Room and imperial academy." After Yongzheng set up the Ministry of War, power returned to him. "All confidential chapters are played. The imperial edict was delivered in secret, and the minister (military aircraft) personally submitted the manuscript to enter. Of course, the cabinet vote is very unusual, the court knows it, and it is also a discussion. " When Qianlong came, the power of the cabinet was light, and drafting this chapter was just a routine. "Anyone who does not enter the parliament (military department) will not be allowed to know anything important, and the Prime Minister will prepare for it." The actual functions and powers of the cabinet changed gradually from the Qing Dynasty to Qianlong, as stated in the Preface to the Chronicle of University Students in the Qing Dynasty, "University students in the Qing Dynasty followed the old name of the Ming Dynasty and were called Fu. In fact, there was a parliamentary hall at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. After Yongzheng, the military department was issued, and the cabinet Zaifu existed in name only. " . Main entrance: Royal Cabinet

In September of the second year of Xuantong (19 10), representatives from all provinces put forward the requirements of promulgating the constitution, organizing the cabinet and opening the House of Representatives. The representative of Mukden called for the National Assembly to be held the following year, arguing that the responsibilities of the Minister of Military Affairs were unclear and demanding the establishment of a responsible cabinet.

In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), on May 8, the Qing government established a responsible cabinet in imitation of the West, and the military department and the old cabinet were abolished. Then, Regent Zai Feng announced the launch of a new responsible cabinet, which basically maintained the old system. 13 ministers, only 4 are Han Chinese, 8 are Mongolian flag bearer 1 minister and Manchu minister. Of the eight Manchu people, the royal family accounted for five, so it was called the "royal cabinet" at that time and became an extension of the monarchy. Its establishment showed that the Qing government had no intention of constitutional monarchy at all, but centralized the royal family in the name of "constitutionalism" and resisted the revolution. At that time, the royal cabinet caused an uproar in national public opinion. It directly led to the upsurge of anti-Qing sentiment in China and promoted the outbreak of the national revolution.

In the same year 1 1 month 1 day, the Qing court announced the dissolution of the royal cabinet, appointed Yuan Shikai as the prime minister of the cabinet, and asked him to rush back to Beijing from the front to form a "responsible cabinet". /kloc-a new cabinet was formed on 0/6, with Ren Liang as Foreign Minister, Zhao Bingjun as Minister of Civil Affairs, Yan as Minister of Education, Tang Jingchong as Minister of Education, Wang Shizhen as Minister of Army, Sa Zhenbing as Minister of Ren Haijun, Shen Jiaben as Minister of Justice, Zhang Jian as Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Minister of Postal Communications, and Dashou as Minister of Science and Francisco. Jing appointed Hu, Zhen Wu, Chen Jintao, Yang Du, Tian Wenlie, Tan, Liang Qichao, and Rong Xun as deputy ministers.