Cambridge, where Cambridge University is located, is a small English town with 65,438+10,000 residents, which is less than 654.38+000 kilometers away from the British capital London. There is a river that runs through this town. It is named "Kanghe". As early as 43 BC, Roman soldiers were stationed on the Jianhe River and later built on it. Most colleges, research institutes, libraries and laboratories are in this town, in addition to more than 20 churches.
University emblem Cambridge University has 365,438+0 colleges, three women's colleges and two specialized graduate schools. Each college has a different historical background and implements a unique college system. 35 colleges with different styles are financially self-financing; Cambridge University is responsible for student planning and teaching. Each college has different admission procedures. To some extent, each college is like a micro-university, with its own school rules and disciplines. Peter College, the first college of Cambridge University, was established in 1284, and other colleges were established in 14 and15th century.
Many places in Cambridge University have preserved their features since the Middle Ages, and ancient buildings that have been carefully maintained for hundreds of years can be seen everywhere. The porches and walls of many school buildings are still decorated with simple and solemn statues and seals, and the tall stained glass windows are like a magnificent picture. Cambridge University has more than 65,438 teachers (professors, associate professors and lecturers) and more than 65,438 visiting scholars. Cambridge University has16,900 students, including 6,935 graduate students, 72% of whom are from other universities, 42% are foreign students and 36% are women. The president of the university is the Queen's husband, Prince Philip (who is also the president of Oxford University), and there is an executive vice president to preside over the daily work.
Students of Cambridge University take part in all kinds of extracurricular activities, among which boating is the most popular sport. There are frequent competitions between colleges in Cambridge University, and Cambridge University holds rowing competitions with Oxford University every year. There are various other sports competitions between universities, including rugby, cricket and chess.
The university ranked 59th in the Top 500 World Brands in 2006 compiled by the World Brand Lab. [Edit this paragraph] Organizational structure Cambridge University is actually just a loosely organized college consortium. Each college has a high degree of autonomy, but it abides by the unified charter of Cambridge University, which is drafted and passed by the legislature of the university and revised every year. Cambridge University is only responsible for examinations and degree awarding, while the specific criteria for enrollment are determined by each college and are self-enrolled.
The 35 colleges in Cambridge are scattered in small towns with a population of only about 65438+ 10,000. These colleges were built in different times, with a history of 700 to 800 years at the earliest. Just like their buildings, each college has its own style and independent personality.
Although universities and colleges complement each other, they are different entities and economically independent. Universities are public and funded by the state, while colleges are private and self-financing. The university is responsible for graduate students, the college is responsible for undergraduate enrollment, and the number is planned by the university. The university is responsible for all students' teaching, and the college is responsible for students' life and amateur counseling for undergraduates. At the end of each year, universities rank colleges according to their undergraduate scores and certain rules, so as to promote competition among colleges. ?
The president of Cambridge University is elected by the academic council of the university, and is generally held by a prestigious person in the society. The post of president is symbolic, and the president rarely gets involved in university affairs. Generally, he is only responsible for awarding honorary degrees and attending various school celebrations, although he can also give advice to vice presidents and university administrators. The vice-chancellor who is really responsible for the daily affairs of the university is nominated by the university Council and appointed by the Regent's Court of Cambridge. The vice president has several assistant vice presidents, who are responsible for specialized fields and assist the vice presidents in their daily work.
Regent's Court is the highest legislative and power organ of the university, which is composed of faculty and staff of various colleges, with about 3,000 members. They can formulate or amend school rules and regulations, vote to appoint vice presidents, members of university conferences, and award degrees and honorary degrees. Decision-making can be divided into two types: the first is a relatively simple and agreed motion (such as the appointment of the president and university staff), which is generally put forward by the university conference and published in Cambridge Journal. If a certain number of members of the Regent's House do not raise objections within 10 days, it will be passed. If a complicated and important bill is put forward by someone outside the university, it will be published in the school magazine by the sponsor and then debated openly. Finally, after considering all the opinions, the proposer suggested that the Regent's Court amend the motion and publish it in the school magazine. If a certain number of members of the Regent's House do not raise objections within 10 days, it will be passed. But if a certain number of members think it is necessary, the Regent's House needs to hold a vote. The voting was conducted by mail. When the Regent's Court meets, it shall be presided over by the Dean, or in the absence of the Dean, by the Vice President, or in the absence of the Vice President, by the Dean of the College appointed by him. Now almost everything can be solved without a meeting, but it must be held four times a year in June to approve the conferment of degrees. In addition, if Cambridge University needs to award honorary degrees, the Regent's House also needs to hold a meeting to vote.
The Senate of Cambridge University used to be the highest legislative body, but at present its only responsibility is to elect the president. Members of the Senate include all students or professors who have obtained a master's degree or above from Cambridge University.
The full name of the university conference is the academic conference, which is responsible for daily administrative work. The members are ***2 1, including the president (but generally absent), the vice president and the elected members of 19. 19 people include 4 representatives of college presidents, 4 representatives of professors, 8 other members from Regent Hospital and 3 representatives of students (at least 1 people are graduate students). The first three types of members are elected by the Regent's Court, and the student representatives are elected by the students. [Edit this paragraph] Generally speaking, the educational system in Britain is shorter than that in the United States. Undergraduate students at Cambridge University usually spend three to four years. You can get a bachelor's degree after three years; Four years later, I will get a master's degree. Those who join the work after three years of undergraduate graduation can submit their papers in their posts one year later and apply for a master's degree directly. So strictly speaking, Cambridge University does not have a real master's degree, and the master's degree is just a transition. The associate doctor is a slightly distinctive degree from Cambridge and Oxford. Due to different majors, it usually lasts for two years, one year of teaching and one year of thesis. If the course (usually four courses) scores more than 65 points, you can directly transfer to a doctoral degree, and you can get a doctoral degree after two years of study. There are three differences between an associate doctor and a master's degree: first, one or two years for an associate doctor can be counted as the time to get a doctorate, while it takes at least three years to get a doctorate directly from a master's degree; Secondly, if your final grade is above 65, the school can provide you with opening hours. Within the effective time (for example, two years), you can go to school at any time and continue your doctoral studies. Thirdly, Cambridge stipulates that if you get an associate doctorate and have worked for a certain number of years, you can also submit a doctoral thesis directly. According to the quality of your thesis and your work performance, the school can award you a doctorate, but the master does not have this honor. But it is not easy to get a doctorate in this way. [Edit this paragraph] Tuition fees are about 8,000 pounds per year for art and mathematics, and 9,300 pounds for science, music, architecture and geography. In addition, the college fee is about 3670 for undergraduates and 0 for postgraduates. [Edit this paragraph] Major in architecture and art history; Department of ancient Greek and Roman languages and literature; Department of theology; English department; Department of modern and medieval languages; Music department; Oriental system; Department of Economics; Ministry of Education; History department; Legal department; Department of philosophy; Department of Social and Political Sciences; Department of Earth Science Geography; Engineering department; Department of Mathematics; Department of Physical Chemistry; Department of Archaeology and Anthropology; Department of Medicine; Computer science and technology; Department of Land Economics; Department of management; Biology Department [Edit this paragraph] School History 12 century, monks with three rooms, black robes and camouflage came to settle in this flat and humid swamp area, and Cambridge Town was born.
1209, two scholastic philosophers of Oxford University were accused of murdering a prostitute, and the Oxford City Court sentenced them to hang. In protest, Oxford teachers temporarily stopped teaching and left one after another, and some of them came to Cambridge. It is not unusual to leave and rebuild; The University of Leipzig was also founded after some people split from Prague University. But why build this university in Cambridge instead of North Hampton or Stamford? They are also prosperous towns, and students from Oxford University live there. Why not in London? Or in a cathedral city like Lincoln? At that time, there was already a episcopal school there.
Although the situation of establishing a university in Cambridge is ambiguous, it is recorded that a group of teachers and college students have successfully obtained the protection of the royal family and the church in the face of suspicious citizens, which is the basic condition of unstable times. At the latest around 1225, the teachers in Cambridge elected a president from among them, and his power was approved by King Henry III, which led to the autonomous management of the university. Soon after, Pope Gregory IX also approved it in 1233. This kind of church privilege was not enjoyed by Oxford until 1254. Speaking of this, Elizabeth Lidham-Green, the archivist of Cambridge University, is complacent ("Cambridge often starts in Oxford, but always ends before Oxford." More importantly, however, the decrees of Henry II and his successors ensured the monopoly of the two universities. Until the19th century, Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities in Britain for 600 years. This monopoly does not exist anywhere else in Europe.
Like Oxford, this university in Cambridge didn't have its own house at first. They teach, live in rented houses and go wherever they can. College students have lived in guest houses from the beginning, and the owner is responsible for supervision. 1280 before this private dormitory was replaced by a college with its own school buildings and donations, there were already 34 such college apartments in the city, and donations can ensure the durability and independence of the college.
1284, Bishop Hugh de Barr Siam of Avery Abbey founded Peter House College, the first college in Cambridge. Until the constitution of the college, it followed the model of Bishop College and Merton College 20 years earlier than Oxford. Peter House College has a dean and fourteen academicians, two elders are in charge of daily worship, two financial directors are in charge of financial management, and one is in charge of fund-raising. They also need a porter when they can afford it. Except for two or three poor students, this is a group of people with degrees, an advanced college student institution, modeled after the Sorbonne College in Paris. It was not until the beginning of14th century that King's College, founded by Edward II, formed a guiding scheme: taking the college as a collective for students' study and life. People call those students the children of the king. They are really children. School age is about 14 years old.
Who were the people who went to college at that time? First of all, the main people who send their sons to Cambridge are small landlords and the upper class of the city, and there are fewer nobles and squires. The living environment of students in the early Middle Ages was as bad and poor as a monastery. Often only a doctor of theology, that is, a theologian with a doctorate, has the right to get a room of his own. Other academicians share a room with a group of college students-St. John's College stipulates: "There are no more than two people in a bed unless they are under 14 years old." You must go to church in the morning and evening, and sit in a simple and cold classroom with hay on the ground, listening to lectures and debating. No sports activities and organized spare time. The only pastime: pubs and women in the city. As early as 1342, some people expressed dissatisfaction with the fashionable deviant behavior of college students and university teachers: "Baldness is a sign of their status, and they despise this sign. They wear their hair long over their shoulders like women, or perm it into curly hair and apply grease (…). They wear fur-collar robes, red and green checked shoes, long silk scarves, rings on their fingers, and wide and expensive girdles.