Chestnut is one of the earliest cultivated economic tree species, which is native to China and belongs to Castanea. There are 8 edible species of Castanea, among which the main cultivated species are Castanea mollissima, Castanea japonica, Castanea europaea and Castanea americana.
I. Distribution area
Chestnut is widely distributed in China. From 4120' north latitude to 0/8 30' south latitude, there are 2 1 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the main concentrated production areas. The provinces (regions) with annual output exceeding 1 10,000 tons are Shandong, Hubei, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Guangxi and Hunan. The provinces with an annual output of 8000 ~ 10000 tons are Zhejiang, Yunnan and Shaanxi. Chestnut in China is mainly produced in the north, and the key counties with an annual output of 1 10,000 kg are Qianxi, Zunhua, Xinglong, Qinglong, Kuancheng, Xingtai, Qian 'an, Taian, Wanglian, Junan, Tancheng, Feixian, Kuanxun, Donggou, Dandong, Xinxian, Xinyang, Huairou and Miyun in Beijing. Qianxi County, Hebei Province, which has the highest yield, has a high yield of over120,000 kg. The vertical distribution is less than 50 meters to 2800 meters above sea level, and the distribution height difference is 2750 meters.
China chestnut was introduced to Japan a long time ago. The United States and France introduced China chestnut for many times, and cultivated new varieties suitable for local environmental conditions through seedling raising and hybridization. China chestnut is distributed in Europe, such as Italy, Spain, France, Yugoslavia, Poland, Latin America and North America.
Second, the significance of cultivation
As a traditional fruit tree in China, chestnut has been cultivated for thousands of years. Chestnuts can be eaten raw, fried with sugar, eaten as vegetables or canned, and ground into chestnut powder to make various cakes and cooking materials. Chestnut contains protein, fat, vitamins and minerals, and has high nutritional value. Among all kinds of edible chestnuts, China chestnuts are famous all over the world and are known as "sweet chestnuts". Besides exporting to Japan, it is also exported to Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand, Southeast Asian countries, North America, Britain and other places. It is a special export product with high exchange rate in China.
Chestnut is hard and straight, moisture-resistant and corrosion-resistant. It can be used as butt stock, rudder, sleeper, musical instrument, etc. Logs can cultivate mushrooms. Bark, leaves and involucre contain tannin, which is a good raw material for extracting tannin. Flowers are honey sources, and burning male inflorescences can repel mosquitoes. All parts of chestnuts can be used as medicine, and the shell can cure nausea; Leaves can be used as astringents; Bark decoction washes erysipelas and other diseases. Chestnut has beautiful crown, sparse branches and leaves, strong resistance and long life, and is an ideal tree species for greening and purifying the environment. Judging from the forecast of world dried fruit consumption and China's entry into WTO, it is promising to vigorously develop chestnut production and further expand chestnut trade at home and abroad.
Third, cultivate characteristics
The growth and development of chestnut is closely related to local climate, soil conditions and cultivation techniques. Generally, the aboveground part of seedlings grows slowly in the first year, and the underground part grows faster; The growth of the second and third aboveground parts accelerated. Seedlings begin to blossom and bear fruit in 5-7 years, and enter the full fruit stage in about 15 years, and chestnut trees that have been around for a hundred years can still bear fruit normally. Grafted seedlings begin to bear fruit in the same year or the second year of grafting, and economic yield can be obtained in the fifth to sixth year, and they enter the full fruit stage in the eighth to sixty-fifth and forty-third years.
Chestnut is a positive tree species that likes light, and its growth and development need sufficient light conditions. It can grow under the climatic conditions of annual average temperature 10.5 ~ 2 1.8℃, absolute maximum temperature 39. 1℃, absolute minimum temperature -24.5℃, annual rainfall of 500 ~ 2000mm and altitude of 50 ~ 2800m. Chestnut is not strict with the soil conditions, but it should not be sticky and hardened. Brown light loam is the most ideal soil in sandy mountain area, and the suitable range of soil pH value is 4.5 ~ 7.2, and the most suitable is slightly acidic soil with pH value of 5 ~ 6. Generally, the adaptation range of chestnut to salt content should not exceed 0.2%. Otherwise, the growth is poor, and the chestnut will not grow if it exceeds 0.3%.
Seeds for sowing should be collected from trees with strong growth, high yield, good quality and few pests and diseases, and must be properly kept before sowing to ensure a high emergence rate. Generally, sand storage is adopted, and it should be checked frequently during storage to prevent over-drying, over-wetting and animal damage.
Sowing can be done when the ground temperature reaches 10 ~ 12℃. Generally, the south is in early or middle March, and the north is in late March to early April. The main methods are live broadcast and in-park drilling. Before emergence, if it is not too dry, it is generally not watered to avoid soil hardening and affect emergence. Pay attention to watering the soil and weeding in time after emergence. If this fertilizer has been applied before sowing, there is no need for topdressing at seedling stage to avoid the seedlings growing in vain. When pests and diseases occur, they should be sprayed in time to prevent and control them.
Grafting and seedling raising: collect stout branches with a thickness of more than 0.6 cm from the mother tree with strong growth, many fruits and good quality as scions. Grafting and bud grafting are commonly used, and the grafting period varies with the local climate. In the north, grafting usually takes place in the spring from late March to early April. Grafting in autumn is mainly bud grafting and abdominal grafting. This method is mostly used in the Yangtze river basin, and it is usually carried out in August ~ 10.
After the establishment of chestnut orchard, it is necessary to carry out tending management in time, create good environmental conditions, meet the needs of trees for water, fertilizer, gas and heat (light), ensure the normal growth and development of chestnut, and realize early fruiting, high yield, stable yield and high quality. The soil management of chestnut orchard mainly includes management measures such as deep digging and reaming, intertillage and weeding, orchard intercropping, covering and moisture conservation.
According to the characteristics of growth and fruiting of chestnut, rational fertilization in critical period can not only improve soil fertility and soil structure, but also promote vegetative growth and reproductive growth of trees, increase yield and quality, prolong the fruiting period of chestnut and enhance the resistance of trees to adverse environmental conditions. Fertilization management mainly includes applying base fertilizer (mainly organic fertilizer) in autumn and topdressing (mainly quick-acting fertilizer) in growing season.
Autumn often occurs in chestnut producing areas in the north, which requires timely irrigation. Before the chestnut ripens in autumn, the chestnut garden generally adopts the combination of irrigation and fertilization.
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