/kloc-in the 8th century, W. Jones pointed out that ancient India was the cradle of chess. From the 2nd to 4th century AD, there was a board game called chaturanga in India, which contained four kinds of chess pieces, namely, a car, a horse, an elephant and a soldier, symbolizing the ancient Indian military system. In the Indian narrative epic Mahabharata, which was circulated at that time, there was a poem "The soldiers of the four armies have been lined up". "Four armies" means that the army is divided into four arms: car, elephant, horse and soldier.
But as the predecessor of today's chess, this kind of "square chess" was played by rolling dice at that time. The purpose of the game is not to kill the king of the opponent, but to eat all the pieces of the opponent. Square chess named after Sanskrit "Chatulanga" was introduced to Persia from India in the 6th century. Due to phonetic errors, the ancient Persians misread "Chatranga" as "chatrang". Chattanooga was renamed "Chastelain" by Arabs, and this kind of "Chastelain" was widely spread in Central Asia and Arab countries. Around the 10 century, many famous chess players appeared in Arab countries. In the world famous work Arabian Nights, it is mentioned that there is a famous chess player among the court poets of Khalifa Horuna Rashid. In August19, several chess player competitions were held in Baghdad.
/kloc-After 0/0 century, chess spread to all parts of Europe through Central Asia and Arabia, first Italy, then Spain and France. 165438+At the end of the 20th century, it spread all over Europe. In the literature at that time, chess was listed as one of the "seven arts" of knight education. The "seven arts" are horse riding, swimming, archery, fencing, hunting, poetry and chess. The French heroic epic Song of Roland also talks about this point. 15 and 16 centuries, chess was finally shaped into today's style and chess system. The earliest extant chess score was published in 1497.
Many changes have taken place in the play of chess. Earlier, Wang walked like this, but it was said that he could be eaten. The privilege of king car translocation began in the first half of16th century and was invented by Europeans. Many wonderful changes have taken place in the queen's name, gender and power. In Satra's time, the chess piece "queen" meant "lawyer", "minister" or "general". Later, the French changed the shape of the queen's son a little and became the woman she is now. In the past, the queen was not the strongest chess piece, so she had to walk sideways 1 grid, much like a chess taxi in China. Empresses of both sides can only walk diagonally on squares of different colors, so they can't meet. The queen now has such a powerful power, probably after the middle of15th century. In the past, soldiers could only advance 1 grid, and so did 1 time. It was not until the beginning of16th century that the strength of soldiers was improved to the present. When a soldier reaches the eighth square, he can only be promoted to be the queen of the past, not to be any other chess piece. Only the way horses and chariots walk has not changed. As for the chessboard, there were no black and white squares before13rd century.
After the Han Dynasty (65438+the second half of the 20th century), China and India began formal exchanges, and after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, cultural exchanges became more frequent. China's chess and chess are similar in origin and may have influenced each other in the past development history. Today, the two chess carts and horses walk in the same way (except that chess horses are not limited by bouncing legs), and the basic rules are similar. Modern chess is exactly the same; The bronze chess pieces of the Northern Song Dynasty unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan Province, with the word "scholar" on them, are women in military uniforms, the same sex as the queen in chess.
/kloc-In the mid-9th century, chess began to become an official competition. 1924 was listed as an official Olympic event, and the Chess Federation was established in the same year. Major world competitions sponsored or entrusted by the member associations of the Chess Federation include: Chess Olympic Games, World Team Championships, Men's and Women's Individual World Championships, College Students' World Team Championships, Junior World Championships, and Chess Team Competitions on all continents. As for all kinds of cups, invitational tournaments, masters, grandmasters and so on. , it is countless.
Although chess originated in Asia, the countries representing the highest level in the world are in Europe, among which the former Soviet Union has made outstanding achievements in previous world competitions. In China, it was not until 1956 that it was included in official sports events. The first national chess championship was held in 1957. After 1980s, a number of chess rookies emerged in China, including Liu from Sichuan, Wu from Zhejiang, Ye Rongguang from Beijing and Xie Jun from Beijing, who successively won the title of international grandmasters.
Hope to adopt ~