Since then, human information transmission can be separated from the conventional audio-visual way, using electrical signals as a new carrier, bringing a series of iron technological innovations and opening a new era of human communication. From 2.65438 to 0837, American Samuel Morse successfully developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.
Using his own code, he can convert information into a series of long or short electrical pulses to the destination, and then convert them into original information. 1844 On May 24th, Morris sent the first telegram in human history in the conference hall of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol, thus realizing long-distance telegraph communication.
3. 1864, British physicist J.c.Maxwel established a set of electromagnetic theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and explained that electromagnetic waves and light have the same properties, and both of them travel at the speed of light. 4. 1875, the Scottish youth A.G. Bell invented the world's first telephone.
And applied for an invention patent in 1876. 1878, the first long-distance telephone experiment was conducted between Boston and new york, which are 300 kilometers apart, and it was successful. Later, the famous Bell Telephone Company was established.
5. During the period of1888, the young German physicist H.R. Hertz conducted a series of experiments with radio circuits and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves. He proved Maxwell's electromagnetic theory by experiments. This experiment caused a sensation in the whole scientific community and became an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, which led to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology.
Extended data 1, interconnected movement across time and space: the rapid development of mobile communication capabilities, the rapid development of national networking mobile communication capabilities. During the ten years from 1988 to 1997, China experienced the first peak of mobile communication development, and the capacity of mobile switches soared from less than 30,000 to 25.857 million, which was 86 1 times higher than that in 10.
China's 900MHz TACS system mainly imports switches, base stations and control systems from Motorola (A network) and Ericsson (B network). By the end of 1995, 2 1 provinces and cities covered by a network and 15 provinces and cities covered by b network had realized automatic roaming, forming a real national networking. 1994, China Unicom was established by the Ministry of Electronics in conjunction with the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Electric Power and the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television.
1998, China Telecom was separated from the then Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 1999, netcom was established.
2. Layout reorganization for ecology: The "M-Zone" was introduced to the whole country, and the restructuring of the telecommunications industry began. In 200 1 year, China Mobile Guangdong Branch held a brand promotion meeting in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and "M-Zone" was piloted as a new brand. In 2003, China Mobile officially promoted the "M-Zone" brand to the whole country, becoming the first customer brand in the history of mobile communication in China.
In August 2006, the New York Stock Exchange closed at $33.42, with a total market value of $65.438+032.58 billion, making China Mobile the highest telecom operator in the world. In 2007, China Mobile successfully acquired Paktel.
From June 5, 2004 to 10, the village-to-village communication project was implemented nationwide. By the end of 2007, six basic telecommunications enterprises had newly opened telephones for 3759 administrative villages without telephones, accounting for 99.5% of the administrative villages in China, and all the administrative villages in 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities had telephones.
In May 2007, * * * continued to start the village-to-village communication project in natural villages across the country, forming a situation in which administrative villages and natural villages go hand in hand. In March 2007, China Mobile officially launched the bidding for TD-SCDMA network construction with more than 20 billion yuan, and the competition among the four camps composed of many Chinese and foreign enterprises was fierce.
In May 2008, the restructuring of the telecommunications industry began. Subsequently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology jointly issued the Notice on Deepening the Reform of Telecommunication System.
According to the notice, China Telecom is encouraged to acquire the CDMA network of China Unicom, China Unicom and China Netcom are merged, the basic telecom business of China Satellite TV is merged into China Telecom, and China Tietong is merged into China Mobile. After the completion of this reform and reorganization, 3G licenses will be issued.
Experts say that telecom restructuring lies in breaking monopoly. With the development of communication technology, the trend of mobile replacing fixed telephone is more and more obvious. After the reorganization, all three operators have full-service capabilities, forming a fully competitive pattern.
3. In the trans-era grand plan standard: the communication industry has a high growth rate, and 5G will drive the next round of development of the communication industry. At the National Conference on Industry and Informatization held not long ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology defined a number of key tasks of 20 18. It involves strengthening the supervision of the information and communication market. According to the relevant documents of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, it is planned to carry out VoLTE number portability technology experiments and study and formulate a national promotion plan for number portability.
According to the data of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, after preliminary accounting, the total telecom business in 20 17 years reached 2,755.7 billion yuan (calculated at the constant unit price of 20 15 years), an increase of 76.4% over the previous year and a year-on-year increase of 42.5 percentage points; The revenue of telecom business was 65.438+26.2 billion yuan, up 6.4% over the previous year, and the growth rate increased by 654.38+0 percentage points. From 20 18 to 1-2 months, the total telecom business reached 685.3 billion yuan, up1/7% year-on-year; The revenue from telecom business was 2 168 billion yuan, up 4.9% year-on-year.
In recent years, China's communication industry has developed rapidly, and its main business indicators are improving. 5G will be the next development opportunity. On August 20 17, the State Council issued "Guiding Opinions on Further Expanding and Upgrading Information Consumption to Release the Potential of Domestic Demand", which pointed out that "the research, technical test and industrial promotion of the fifth generation mobile communication (5G) should be accelerated, and the commercialization should be started in 2020".
Due to the broad application prospects of 5G, the battle for the commanding heights of 5G strategy is surging. People's Network-The communication industry has changed our lives for forty years.
Second, what kind of development course has communication engineering major experienced in China? Communication engineering specialty was founded in 1958, and it is one of the popular majors in universities of science and engineering.
This major is a characteristic major of the Ministry of Education and a key major of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. This major has the right to award master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The rapid development of communication industry has promoted the rapid development of communication engineering specialty in higher education. Since the Ministry of Education formulated the undergraduate professional specifications in 1998, and defined the communication engineering specialty and the training objectives of the communication engineering specialty, many colleges and universities have standardized the original related communication majors or set up new communication engineering majors. According to the national ranking of undergraduate majors published in 2004, communication engineering majors in 177 universities have participated in this major.
This major mainly trains senior research and engineering talents who are engaged in information science research, wireless communication system design, communication equipment development and telecommunication network operation management in the field of communication and electronic information engineering. The main employment directions include national aerospace and electronic information high-tech scientific research institutions, national telecommunications enterprises, Sino-foreign joint ventures, wholly foreign-owned communication technology development and communication equipment production enterprises, state-owned and private communication and electronic information technology development and communication equipment production enterprises, etc.
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3. What are the general situations of communication engineering? With the development of electrical information, communication engineering has become one of the hottest engineering majors for college entrance examination students in recent years.
Communication engineering majors mainly study signal generation, information transmission, exchange and processing, as well as theoretical and engineering applications in computer communication, digital communication, satellite communication, optical fiber communication, cellular communication, personal communication, stratospheric communication, multimedia technology, information superhighway and digital program-controlled exchange. With the invention of telegraph by Americans in the19th century, modern communication technology came into being.
In order to meet the increasing technical demand, communication engineering has become a subject in American university education, and it has developed rapidly with the continuous improvement of modern technology. The main subjects of this major are information and communication engineering, electronic science and technology, computer science and technology.
This major systematically studies the basic knowledge of mathematical physics, English, computer series courses, analog and digital circuits series courses, and at the same time studies basic courses such as signals and systems, digital signal processing, electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves, and communication principles. At the same time, it also offers professional basic courses such as signal and system, digital signal processing, electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave, and communication principle.
According to the needs of modern communication development, this major has four major directions: (1) communication network and exchange; (2) Optical fiber communication; (3) wireless communication; (4) Information processing and multimedia technology. Students can study the main professional courses of communication engineering in an all-round way, and at the same time have their own strengths in a certain professional direction.
This major pays attention to the cultivation of students' ability and the improvement of comprehensive quality in teaching, and strives to embody the educational thought of "strengthening foundation, broadening majors, attaching importance to practice, cultivating ability, encouraging innovation, developing individuality, paying attention to comprehensiveness and improving quality". There are social science, management, economics, humanities and various experimental courses in the teaching plan, and practical teaching links such as computer practice, circuit comprehensive experiment, production practice, curriculum design and graduation design are set up.
Four. The development course of communication technology The rapid development course and trend of wireless mobile communication technology (Zhang Xu) [Abstract] This paper is divided into three parts: firstly, the rapid development trend of wireless mobile communication and wired fixed communication is expounded; Then it focuses on the rapid development process and future trend of wireless mobile communication cellular network from analog to digital and about to enter the third generation system. Finally, it is simply explained that microwave communication of wireless satellite communication must accelerate its pace and continue to develop if it wants to play an important role.
[Keywords:] wireless communication; Mobile communication; Cellular network; Satellite communication 1 Wireless mobile communication and wired fixed communication develop together. People usually regard wired fixed communication and wireless mobile communication as two major components of information infrastructure (NII/GII). In recent years, they all have obvious rapid development, and will develop even faster after entering the new century, making contributions to the prosperous information age.
The traditional wired fixed communication network is the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which has been expanding steadily for a long time, prompting people to install telephones with fixed terminals. However, since the mid-1990s, the rise of Internet has brought unprecedented impact to traditional communication networks around the world.
The vast number of communication users began to install computers, and the data communication business volume increased sharply every year, far exceeding the annual growth rate of traditional telephones. According to this trend, in the next five years or so after entering the new century, the total amount of global data information services will catch up with the total amount of telephone information services, and will be more and more exceeded in the future.
Therefore, the future communication transmission network will be a packet-switched network mainly based on data information, which will undertake the transmission of telephone communication without using the original circuit switching, but still ensure the unique quality of service (QoS) index of the telephone. With the improvement of computer technology and more functions, data communication will be extended to multimedia communication including audio and video information.
In this way, the future wired fixed communication network will be a unified communication network that can undertake all information business transmission, and it will also be a large-capacity communication network. Wireless mobile communication networks are mainly cellular networks in cities all over the world. Each city is divided into several cellular areas, and a base station is set in the center of each area. All mobile terminals and personal wireless handsets in this area are directly connected to the base station through wireless lines, which is called wireless access.
Mobile communication used to only use mobile phones, but recently, like wired networks, it allows mobile users to connect to Inter when necessary to transmit data and information. With the improvement of computers, multimedia communication including audio and video information will be transmitted in the future. The mobile terminal is connected to a mobile communication switching center MSC (Mobile Communication Switching Center) via a wireless access base station, and is connected to other wireless base stations of the same cellular network through wireless lines, and is also connected to a city exchange office of a wired fixed communication network.
This means that the wireless mobile communication network should be connected with the urban fixed communication network. If the mobile terminal and personal portable mobile phone want to communicate directly with the mobile terminal or personal mobile phone in the same community or city, they can of course be connected through the wireless mobile communication network.
However, the wireless mobile communication network is limited to the cellular network in this city, and the cellular networks in different cities still need to be connected through the national wired fixed communication network. Any wireless mobile phone to achieve domestic or international communication, must go through wireless access, and then connected by the city's fixed network.
It can be seen that the wired fixed communication network not only undertakes all kinds of communication services of wired connection, including those required by the original PSTN users, but also undertakes all kinds of communication services of wireless connection. Therefore, the total traffic of fixed network is extremely large, and it is increasing year by year. When designing the future national wired fixed communication network, it is necessary to carefully calculate and consider the trend of large capacity and increasing capacity year by year. This requires that the internal devices of transmission lines and communication networks can conveniently increase their capacity as needed.
In view of the great contribution of TDM to digital communication network in the past, digital system has developed from PDH to SDH, but its highest digital rate has been difficult to improve, which has become an "electronic bottleneck" for communication networks to continue to improve their capacity. Fortunately, as a transmission line, optical fiber has huge potential capacity to be developed and utilized.
Moreover, since the mid-1990s, wavelength division multiplexing/dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM/DWDM) has been put into commercial use on optical fiber lines, showing unparalleled advantages. Therefore, almost all trunk lines in wired communication networks are equipped with optical fiber and wavelength division multiplexing systems. In order to expand the future capacity, the communication network itself has begun to consider the evolution from electric network to optical operation, and various optical devices/elements based on WDM are adopted to realize wavelength routing and switching, so as to further increase the network capacity.
For people who use telephone communication, although the fixed terminal telephone installed in the past runs reliably, compared with the portable wireless mobile phone popularized in recent years, users feel that they can carry a mobile phone and a number with them and talk to each other anytime and anywhere, which is much more flexible and convenient than the fixed terminal in the past. Therefore, in recent years, the sales of mobile communication phones have increased dramatically.
It is speculated internationally that in less than 20 10 years, the total number of mobile wireless mobile phones owned by users worldwide will be equal to the total number of fixed telephone terminals, and users will be more willing to use mobile phones when they need to talk. At present, wireless mobile communication networks not only provide telephone calls, but also try to make portable computers exchange data and information, even multimedia communication. Because of the limited radio spectrum resources, the bandwidth of every signal that wireless mobile communication can provide is not as generous as that of wired fixed communication.
Therefore, when users need communication services with large bandwidth, such as Inter/WWW/WWW providing a large amount of data and information for a long time, or when users want to watch specific high-quality entertainment TV programs or movies at home and need to use VOD/MOD services, they need to use "wired access". Generally speaking, less than ten years after entering the new century, there are two extremely important predictions for the development of communication services: First, the global data and information services will catch up with the traditional telephone services in 2005.
5. The history of China's communication development from "bonfire drama in Zhou Youwang" to "bamboo book", from "drifting bottle" to the first telegram in human history-"What a miracle God has created!" In the past hundred years, communication technology has developed rapidly with the help of modern science and technology.
Now, let's go back and see the scenery along the way. According to the research, people in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in ancient China knew that bonfires were used to transmit information over a long distance. The most familiar story is "Bomei people laugh and wait for Zhou Youwang to play a bonfire".
In the book "One Hundred Years of Telephone" published by the International Telecommunication Union, it is mentioned that in 968 AD, people in China invented something called "Bamboo Letter", which is considered as the embryonic form of today's telephone. Although these stories reflect the wisdom of our ancestors, we still need to understand the development history of modern telecommunications technology from Europe.
1793 originated in Europe. The Chapei brothers in France set up a 230-kilometer-long support line between Paris and Lille to relay information. This is a communication system consisting of 16 signal towers.
The signalman controls the different angles of the bracket through the rope and pulley at the bottom to express relevant information. At that time, France and Austria were at war, and it took only one hour for the signal system to transmit the news of Dai Shengli-on-Aceh from the Austrian army to Paris.
Later, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany and Russia also established this communication system. It is said that one of Chapei's two brothers was the first person to use the word "telegram".
The research on long-distance sound transmission in Europe began in17th century. Robert hooke, a famous British physicist and chemist, first put forward the suggestion of long-distance sound transmission.
1796, Hughes put forward the method of transmitting voice information through microphone relay, and called this communication method-telephone, which has continued to this day. 1832, American doctor Jackson told the passengers about the principle of electromagnet on a mail ship sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. Among the passengers, American painter Morse, 4 1 year-old, was deeply attracted.
At that time, the French signal system could only send miles of information visually. Morse dreamed of using electric current to transmit electromagnetic signals and instantly send information thousands of miles away. Since then, Morse's life has undergone fundamental changes.
Morse's inspiration comes from the fact that the current flowing in the conductor will spark in generate when the conductor is suddenly cut off: if the current is cut off as a signal, the current is turned on without spark as another signal, and the current is turned on for a long time as a signal, these three signals can represent all letters and numbers together, and words can be transmitted to a distance through the current. 1837, Morse finally designed the famous Morse code, which used different combinations of "dot", "dash" and "interval" to represent letters, numbers, punctuation and symbols.
1844 On May 24th, Morse personally operated the telegraph in the meeting room of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol in Washington. With a series of "dot" and "dash" signals, Baltimore, 64 kilometers away, received the world's first telegram composed of "beep" and "click". Who invented the telephone? At present, the recognized inventor of the telephone is Bell, who applied for a telephone patent in the US Patent Office on February 1876.
In fact, just two hours after he applied, a man named E Gray also applied for a telephone patent. Before the two of them, many people in Europe were already doing ideas and research in this field.
As early as 1854, the telephone principle was conceived by the Frenchman Bausal, and the idea was repeated by the German Rice six years later. The principle is that two thin metal sheets are connected by wires. When one side makes a sound, the metal plate vibrates and becomes electricity, and the electricity is transmitted to the other side.
But this is just an idea. The problem is the structure of microphone and receiver, and how to convert the mechanical energy of sound into electrical energy and transmit it. At first, Bell used electromagnetic switches to form on-off pulse signals, but this method obviously didn't work for such high-frequency sound waves.
The final success came from an accidental discovery. 1June 2, 875, in an experiment, he connected a metal plate to an electromagnetic switch. Unexpectedly, in this state, the sound becomes a wonderful current. According to the analysis principle, the original metal sheet induces current in the connected electromagnetic switch coil due to sound vibration.
Now it seems that this principle is known to all students who have studied junior high school physics, but it is undoubtedly a very important discovery for Bell at that time. Gray's design principle is different from Bell's, which uses the resistance change of the liquid inside the microphone, while the receiver is exactly the same as Bell's.
1877, Edison obtained the invention patent of carbon particle microphone. At the same time, many people have made various improvements to the way the telephone works.
The patent dispute is complicated, and it didn't come to an end until 1892. One of the reasons for this situation was that the largest Western Union telegraph company in the United States bought the patents of Gray and Edison at that time and confronted Bell's telephone company.
Due to the long-term patent dispute, the two sides reached an agreement. Western Union Telegraph Company fully recognized Bell's patent right and never set foot in the telephone industry again. In exchange, it shared 20% of Bell's income in 17. In the decades after the invention of the telephone, a large number of patents were applied around the operation and technology of the telephone. Strowger's "automatic dialing system" reduces all kinds of problems caused by manual wiring, the application of dry battery reduces the volume of telephone, and the application of loading coil reduces the signal loss of long-distance transmission.
1906, Li De invented the electronic test tube, and its amplification function led the direction of telephone service. Later, Bell Telephone Laboratory made an electronic triode based on this, and this research is of great significance.
1915 65438+1On October 25th, the first cross-regional telephone line was opened between new york and San Francisco. It uses 2500 tons of copper wire, 6.5438+0.3 million telephone poles and numerous load coils, and also uses three vacuum tube amplifiers along the way to strengthen the signal.
On July 1948, scientists at Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. This is not only of great significance to the development of telephone, but also has great influence on all aspects of human life.
In the next few decades, many new technologies appeared.
History of intransitive verb communication history of human communication
In the spoken language era, the ancient drum writing era, the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the post-writing era, Hongyan's biography is what many people call flying pigeon's biography. The writing age, the lighthouse writing age in the 7th century BC, and the semaphore printing age in 1777.
In modern electronic communication, the French Shep brothers invented the optical signal transmitter in 1792. 1837, American Morse successfully sent telegrams in Washington and Baltimore. 1857, transatlantic submarine telegraph cable completed. 1875 American Bell invented the telephone; 1877 American Edison invented the phonograph. 1887, German Hertz verified electromagnetic waves through experiments. 1889 Italian Marconi successfully filmed the broadcast between Britain and France; 1895, Russian popov and Italian Marconi developed radio receivers at the same time. 1895, French Lumiere brothers premiered their first film in Paris. 190 1 transatlantic cables were successfully laid in the printing age; In the printing era of 19 12, in the sinking of the Titanic, radio saved more than 700 lives. In the printing era of 19 15, the long-distance radio communication between Paris and Washington was successful; 1920s In the printing age, the radio came out. In the printing era of 1920s, Baird, an Englishman, successfully transmitted TV pictures and was known as the inventor of TV. 1926 in the printing era, Beat of England completed the development of TV images in the Royal College of England; The first electronic computer "ENIAC" came out in the printing era of 1946, Moore School of Electronic Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. 1947 in the printing age, Americans were shocked to invent the transistor; In the printing era of 1953, IBM developed "IBM 650" series computers; In the printing era of 1955, the United States issued the first military electronic computer to meet the needs of the great war. In the printing era 1956, American Ampex Company invented the video recorder; In the printing era of 1957, IBM developed the first generation of high-level language "fortran"; The printing age 1958 is an exciting year. This year, Davos discovered the principle of laser. 1960 printing era, the first generation of minicomputer PDP I；; Made in America; 1962 in the printing era, the United States launched the first artificial satellite, which opened the era of TV satellite transmission. 1962 in the printing era, American communication satellites successfully communicated with Europe;
In the era of network communication 1969, the US military established ARPANET to prevent communication interruption when attacked. In the era of network communication, the United States proposed a global communication network blueprint from 65438 to 0969; In the era of network communication 1970, Intel made subminiature integrated chips; In the era of network communication, American Bill Gates developed the "Basic" language in 1975. In the era of network communication from 65438 to 0977, Apple made the PC "Apple II"; In the era of network communication, the United States proposed to build a high-speed communication network in 1978; Network Communication Era 1979 The legendary research team of American Ciro Company, led by bob taylor, studied the predecessor of Inter Milan. In the era of network communication 198 1, Microsoft Corporation of the United States developed "MS-DOS". In the same year, IBM released IBM-PC；; ; In the era of network communication 1983, the U.S. Department of Defense divided ARPANET into military network and civilian network, and gradually expanded to today's Internet. In the era of network communication, CD-ROM appeared 1984, and communication entered a massive era. Apple launched a shopping computer; Network communication era 1988 with the development of communication, virtus has increased dramatically; Network Communication Era 199 1 Motorola, IBM and Apple jointly launched Power-PC Chip Network Communication Era 1993, and the United States announced the construction of information high-speed access plan to integrate computer, telephone and TV media. In the era of network communication 1993, Intel Corporation of the United States developed non-Risc high-performance CPU；. In the era of network communication, the Information expressway was built in Florida from 65438 to 0994. In the era of network communication 1995, Microsoft developed "Windows95" and integrated network functions on PC.
Communication is one of the basic themes of newspaper propaganda, which has the characteristics of true, detailed and concrete content, free and flexible form, diverse forms of expression and vivid language. The types of communication are: character communication, event communication, work communication, character image communication, news story communication, literature communication, theme communication and tourism communication; The most common ones are: character communication and event communication. It is one of the important forms of applied writing research.
Communication is a style of reporting typical people, events and experiences with news characteristics in a concrete and vivid way with narrative and description as the main forms of expression. There are many forms of expression, such as general communication, close-ups, sketches, interviews, notes, essays, tours, stories, etc., which can generally be classified as communication.
Seven. What is the ranking of information and communication engineering? Among the first-level disciplines of information and communication engineering in 08 10, there are 52 universities with "doctor-level" authorization in China, and 42 universities participated in the evaluation this time; There are also some universities with "doctoral level 2" authorization and master's authorization to participate in the evaluation; There are 74 participating universities.
Note: The following universities with the same scores are arranged in order of school code. 100 13 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications 8914 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 87 1070 1 xidian university 10003 Tsinghua University 85 10248 Shanghai. University of Technology/KOOC-0/0004 Beijing Jiaotong University 82/KOOC-0/0007 Beijing Institute of Technology/KOOC-0/0006 Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 80/KOOC-0/02/KOOC-0/3 Harbin Institute of Technology 90005 * * Information Engineering University/KOOC-0/0487 Huazhong Kloc-0/ Peking University 77 655438 University of Science and Technology 10335 Zhejiang University 74 10056 Tianjin University 73 102 17 Harbin Engineering University 106 13 Southwest Jiaotong University/Kloc. 38+00033 China Communication University 711kloc-0/Dalian University of Technology 10280 Shanghai University 10287 Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 10290 China University of Mining and Technology 10422. 8+00497 Wuhan University of Technology/KOOC-0/06/KOOC-0/0 Sichuan University/KOOC-0/0/Chongqing University/KOOC-0/06/KOOC-0/7 Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications 90033 * * Equipment College/KOOC-0/0/KOOC. 0269 East Suzhou University/KOOC-0/0294 Hohai University/KOOC-0/0336 Hangzhou Dianzi University/KOOC-0/0595 Guilin Dianzi University/KOOC-0/0009 north china university of technology 665438+ 00079 North China Electric Power University/KOOC-0/0300 Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology/KOOC-0. 0337 Zhejiang University of Technology 65438+ 00459 Zhengzhou University 638+00252 Shanghai University of Science and Technology 10353 Zhejiang Gongshang University 10356 China Ji Liang University 10385 Huaqiao University 10489 Yangtze University1049. 10730 Lanzhou University10/26 Inner Mongolia University 63 10 147 Liaoning University of Engineering Technology1kloc-0/49 Shenyang University of Chemical Technology10/kloc.