The complete notes are here: the atomic bomb and the physicist
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At that time, physics students roamed Europe in search of masters, just as their predecessors, scholars and craftsmen had done since the Middle Ages. ...
In any case, science originated from the handicraft tradition; In the first third of the 20th century, there was still an informal mentoring system (which has been preserved to some extent), and the European graduate school system was established on this basis. ..... They (physicists) are members of a unique group with international knowledge and value, almost like a guild.
Only those who hold hard currency-mostly foreigners-look proud when they can cross Germany by first-class train for a few pence, but they also win the hostility of hungry Germans.
Zillah believes that even if such a group has no formal organizational structure or legal status, it has a good chance to influence public affairs.
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Scientists and the State is a highly simplified example of a free society.
Polani believes that,
"The authority of scientific views is mutual in nature; It is built between scientists, not between scientists. " ..... Science has no ultimate leader. Everything follows the knowledge that most people have achieved.
They are all very precocious ... When von Carmen was 6 years old, at his parents' party, he surprised the guests with a quick mental arithmetic 6-digit multiplication. Von Neumann was able to joke with his father in classical Greek at the age of six, and his memory was amazing: he could recite all the chapters of some books he had read. Edward Teller
The Carpathian Mountains surround Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, which are full of poor Orthodox villages.
Taylor wrote:
When he was only a teenager of 1 1, he had directly faced revolution and counter-revolution, turmoil and violent bloodshed, and personal fears.
Wigner, Neumann and Taylor experienced the collapse of Hungarian society when they were teenagers.
Taylor's father "repeatedly warned his son two strict lessons":
1. When you grow up, you must move to some more suitable countries;
As a member of the unpopular minority, he must be superior to the average person, even if it is only for temporary residence.
Taylor himself added, "I love science",
Von Carmen also inserted a similar astonishing statement about his scientific position in emotional life in his autobiography.
When the world falls into irresistible fear, ... science, as a way to get out of trouble, a migratable civilization, an international friendship and a unique inevitability to follow, will inevitably become a more desperate and thorough dependence.
Heisenberg likes reading philosophy, but what is the relationship between his reading of ancient Greek philosophy and quantum mechanics? According to the book, it is basically the opposite, that is, Heisenberg started his creative work from deviating from Plato.
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Heisenberg seems to be getting tired of visualizing unmeasurable events. For example, when he was still in college, he was amazed when he read in Plato's book Timio that atoms have geometric shapes:
Heisenberg thinks Bohr's electron orbit is also a fable, and his colleagues in G? ttingen, Born and Pauli, feel the same way. No one can see inside the atom. What can be understood and measured is the light emitted from the atom, and its frequency and amplitude are related to the spectral line. Heisenberg decided to completely reject the model ("geometry in Plato's sense") and only look for laws from numbers.
( 1904- 1967)
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Oppenheimer's father left Germany at the age of 1898 and came to the United States to become a rich textile businessman by his own efforts. His mother is an artist from Baltimore.
Oppenheimer's parents are dignified and prudent people, not baptized Jews.
Oppenheimer is a weak child and often falls ill. His mother wouldn't let him run into the street. He stayed at home, collecting minerals and writing poems. 10 is old, but he is still playing with building blocks.
Professional microscope is his childhood toy. In the third grade of primary school, I did experiments. In the fourth grade, I began to have science notebooks. In the fifth grade, I began to study physics, but I loved chemistry more.
He studied under the director of the Crystal Museum of the American Museum of Natural History. 12 years old gave lectures at the Mineralogy Club in new york.
14 years old, beaten and tortured by children in the same camp while camping. The reason is that Oppenheimer told the camping coach that other children were telling dirty jokes.
The children dragged him to the ice room of the camp, stripped him naked, beat him and tortured him:
But he made it to the end of the camping trip.
Oppenheimer majored in chemistry,
He later commented:
Most of his dangerous passes are A's, and a few B's. It took him three years to graduate with honors.
He once commented on his Harvard study period:
But Oppenheimer didn't find himself, although he was diligent and enthusiastic in his study and life.
This exaggerated death wish is partly because Oppenheimer wants others to pay attention to him, and partly because of pure pain.
Oppenheimer's two close friends, Ferguson and Hogan, both think that he has a tendency to exaggerate, which makes many things far beyond his true degree. Because this tendency will eventually ruin his life ... Oppenheimer is no longer a timid boy, but he is still a restless young man.
Exaggeration means that he knows that you know how clumsy these exaggerations are (at the same time, the self-destructive elements contained in them add to this clumsiness). Perhaps this is an exaggerated social function.
The more knowledgeable the worse, the more knowledgeable the more self-destructive, "a strong sense of disgust and loss." Nothing is his own, nothing is original. He thinks that the knowledge he gained through learning is stolen ... He likes robbery, but despises predators ... In his view, mastering knowledge is necessary at that stage of his life, and it is difficult for him to give up.
His university knowledge is more like a scholar than a scientist.
Oppenheimer studied a lot of physics, but it was very confusing. He graduated from chemistry and foolishly thought Rutherford would welcome him to Cambridge University ... "But Rutherford didn't intend to accept me."
Bridgman thought Oppenheimer was "a bit speculative". However, "if he really succeeds, I believe he will achieve extraordinary success."
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"I had a bad day", … "Laboratory work is a very annoying thing. I'm all thumbs, and I have no feeling of learning anything ... These lectures are worthless. " ..... "The things in the lab are really full of fraud," ... "But it enables me to enter the lab, listen to people's voices and find many things that people are interested in."
Oppenheimer didn't get along well with his tutor blackett in Cambridge, so much so that he tried to poison blackett with poisonous apples. With the intervention of Oppenheimer's father, Oppenheimer was not prosecuted. But he was asked to see a psychiatrist.
Oppenheimer was diagnosed with early onset dementia (now called schizophrenia),
The doctor described his symptoms as:
Oppenheimer's description of the doctor is:
Learn from Born and engage in theoretical work.
Oppenheimer and Born studied the quantum theory of molecules together. Oppenheimer published 16 papers during 1926- 1929, which earned him a reputation as a theorist.
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19 14 (the year when World War I broke out), people often ask, "What is a physicist?" ..... However, the war made the question of what a physicist is obvious.
The value of science and technology to the development of military technology has been obvious, and the support of government and private funds has followed.
From 1920 to 12 in 1932, the number of physicists in the United States doubled on the basis of the previous 60 years ... 1932, there were about 2,500 physicists in the United States, namely19/kloc-0.
Psychologists tested the first generation of modern American scientists, most of whom were men.
In the test of 64 scientists, including 22 physicists.
Most of them are Protestants, with a disproportionate background of Jewish minorities, and none of them are Catholics.
By means of ink test, thematic analogy test and interview, a psychological test of scientists was conducted in a group of 40 people including 6 physicists and 12 chemists.
When Oppenheimer was a graduate student in Europe, he told a friend that he dreamed of establishing a great theoretical physics school in the United States. Finally went to Berkeley. ...
Oppenheimer's elegance in his youth grew into an elegant temperament in Europe and Berkeley's early days, which is usually admirable, but sometimes it seems too sensitive.
Oppenheimer's elaborate personality mask stems at least in part from his aversion to vulgarity, which may stem from his resistance to the entrepreneur's father, and it is not without anti-Semitic self-hatred. ..... He thinks that ambition and worldly achievements are vulgar, but this belief is supported by the trust fund income as high as 1 10,000 dollars per year. Therefore, he is confused about his goal.
American experimental physicist I. Rabi once asked why "a genius like Oppenheimer didn't find anything worth discovering". His answer is:
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Taylor loves and respects Oppenheimer very much. He always wants to talk about Oppenheimer with other people who know him, and always mentions his name in the conversation.
Bette believes that although Taylor and Oppenheimer have many differences in appearance, they
But Luis Alvarez thinks that if Oppenheimer lives long enough and his predictions about neutron stars and black holes are confirmed, he will win a prize for his work.
Both Oppenheimer and Taylor like writing poems, Oppenheimer likes literature and Taylor likes music. ...