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Chapter 1 Overview

Practice (answer)

I. Multiple choice questions

1.D 2。 B 3。 CD 4。 C 5。 American Broadcasting Company Inc (ABC)

6. A seven. B 8。 B 9。 ABCD 10。 ABCDE

Two. Short Answer Questions

1. What is a computer system?

A computer system is a system that can automatically input, process, output and store data at high speed according to pre-stored programs. It consists of two parts: computer hardware system and computer software system.

2. Could Feng please explain? Neumann put forward the concept of "stored program".

Programs and data are stored in memory in binary form and automatically executed by machines. Different programs solve different problems and realize the function of computer general calculation.

3. What are the main functions of the controller?

The basic function of the controller is to take out instructions from the memory and execute them, that is, the controller takes out instructions from the memory according to the instruction address pointed out by the program counter and decodes them, and then sends control commands to relevant components to execute the instructions according to the instruction function. In addition, in the process of work, the controller also needs to accept the feedback information from various components.

4. Briefly describe the concepts of CPU and host.

Usually, the arithmetic unit and the controller are made on a large-scale integrated circuit block, which is called CPU (Central Processing Unit, also known as CPU).

Generally, internal memory, arithmetic unit and controller are collectively referred to as computer host. It can also be said that the host is composed of CPU and memory, and devices other than the host are called external devices, including input/output devices and external memory.

5. What is computer software? What are the classifications of computer software?

Software refers to all kinds of programs used to direct computer operation and the sum of technical documents needed to develop, use and maintain these programs.

Computer software system is divided into system software and application software. Computer system software consists of operating system, language processing system and various software tools. It directs and controls the computer hardware system to run and work according to the predetermined program to achieve the predetermined goal. Application software is software that users use computer software and hardware resources to solve various application problems, including user programs and their explanatory documents.

6. What are the main features of computers?

(1) is fast and accurate.

The longer the word length of the computer, the higher the accuracy. Now, the world's fastest computer can operate hundreds of trillions of times per second. The average computer can have a dozen or even dozens of significant bits (binary), and the calculation accuracy can range from a few thousandths to a few millionths, which is beyond the reach of any calculation tool.

(2) Have the ability of logical judgment and memory.

Computers have accurate logical judgment and superb memory. Can make all kinds of logical judgments, and automatically decide the instructions to be executed next according to the judgment results.

(3) a high degree of automation and flexibility

The computer works by storing programs, that is, the programmed programs are input into the computer, and the machines can execute them one by one, which makes the computer realize a high degree of automation and flexibility.

7. What are the classifications of computers?

According to the different working principles and operating modes of computers, as well as the different forms of information representation and processing in computers, computers can be divided into digital computers, analog computers and mixed digital and analog computers. Nowadays, digital computers are widely used. Therefore, electronic digital computers are usually referred to as electronic computers or computers for short.

According to the use of computers, they can be divided into general-purpose computers and special-purpose computers. General-purpose computer can solve a variety of problems, and it is a very versatile computer. Most general digital electronic computers fall into this category. A special computer is a computer specially designed to solve some specific problems, such as an embedded system.

According to the overall size of computers, computers can be divided into five categories: supercomputers, mainframes, microcomputers, microcomputers and network computers.

Common microcomputers can also be divided into desktop computers, portable computers, notebook computers, palmtop computers and other types.

8. Briefly describe the basic operation mode of the computer.

The basic operation of a computer can be summarized as the so-called "IPOS cycle". IPOS cycle is input, processing, output and storage, which reflects the basic steps of computer data processing.

(1) input

Accept data provided by input devices (such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.). ).

(2) treatment

Manipulate various types of data, such as numerical values, logic and characters, and convert them in a specified way.

(3) Output

Processing results and other data are output by output devices (such as monitors, printers and plotters).

(4) storage

Computers can store programs and data for later use.

9. What are the main uses of computers?

(1) scientific calculation

Using computers to complete the calculation of mathematical problems encountered in scientific research and engineering technology is called scientific calculation, also called numerical calculation. Scientific computing is one of the traditional applications of computers, which uses computers to complete a large number of complex numerical calculation problems in the fields of scientific research and engineering technology.

(2) Information processing

The so-called information processing is to use computers to input, classify, process, sort out, merge, count, tabulate, retrieve and store data, which is also called data processing. Such as seat reservation and ticketing system, retail application, office automation, etc. Information processing has become the main task of modern computers and the foundation of modern management.

(3) Real-time control (also called process control)

Real-time control is also called process control. Real-time control can collect test data in time, and use computer to quickly process and automatically control the actions of the controlled object, thus realizing the automation of production process.

(4) Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing/Teaching

Computer Aided Design——CAD) is a method and technology that uses computers to help people complete product or project design tasks. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is a computer application system that uses computers to assist people to complete the manufacturing tasks of industrial products. It can complete the planning, operation process control and management of the manufacturing system through computers that directly or indirectly interface with factory production resources. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a new teaching technology, which uses computers as teaching media to make computers play the roles of teachers, tools and learners, and students learn through dialogue with computers.

(5) artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence——AI) refers to the theory, technology and application of computer simulation of some human intellectual behaviors.

(6) Multimedia technology

With the development of electronic technology, especially communication and computer technology, people have been able to combine various media such as text, audio, video, animation, graphics and images to form the concept of "multimedia".

10. Briefly describe the development trend of computers.

(1) miniaturization

On the one hand, with the increasing application of computers, in some specific occasions, very small computers are needed, and the weight and volume of computers are getting smaller and smaller, but the functions are not reduced. On the other hand, with the increasing popularity of computers in the world, personal computers have gradually changed from office equipment to electronic consumer goods. People require computers not only to retain their original performance, but also to have a fashionable appearance, portable and easy to operate, such as tablet computers and handheld computers. In the future, the proportion of personal computers in computers will become larger and larger, and it will be more and more convenient to use.

(2) giants

With the continuous development of society, there are more and more activities for human beings to understand the natural world, and computers are often needed to calculate data. The "giant" here is not the size in the usual sense, but mainly refers to the performance of the machine-the operation speed.

(3) networking

The establishment of the Internet is changing our world and our life. The network has two characteristics: virtuality and reality. Online chatting and online games have virtual characteristics, while network communication, e-commerce and network resource sharing have real characteristics.

(4) intelligence

In the future, computers will play a more important role in life, and computer applications will have more intelligent features, which can help users solve things they are unfamiliar with or unwilling to do, such as smart home appliances and cooking.

(5) New computers

At present, a new generation of computers is in the stage of conception and development. The new generation computer is a computer system which integrates information collection, storage and processing, communication and artificial intelligence.

1 1. Briefly describe the definition, essence and three processes of computing.

Computing is a systematic study of the algorithmic process of describing and transforming information, including theoretical analysis, design, efficiency, realization and application. The research of computing discipline includes the research of algorithm and computability to the research of practical implementation of computable hardware and software.

The basic question of computing discipline is "What can be automated effectively?" . The fundamental problem of computing discipline discusses the content of feasibility, and all discussions related to feasibility are aimed at discrete objects.

The essence of computing discipline is the thought of discipline methodology, and its key problem is the interaction of abstraction, theory and design.

(1) theory

Theory is the foundation of mathematical science. Applied mathematicians agree that the progress of science is based on pure mathematics. Applied mathematics uses mathematical methods to promote the development of empirical science and engineering, at the same time, it constantly stimulates the demand for new mathematics and raises new questions for pure theoretical mathematics.

(2) Abstraction

Abstraction (modeling) is the foundation of natural science. Scientists believe that the process of scientific progress is basically to form a hypothesis and then verify it with the process of modeling.

(3) Design

Design is the foundation of engineering. Engineers believe that the progress of the project is basically to ask questions, and then build a system through design to solve the problems.

12. Briefly describe the definition of computer science and technology.

Computer science and technology is a subject that studies the theory, principle, method and technology of computer design and manufacturing and information acquisition, representation, storage, processing and control with computers, including science and technology. Science focuses on studying phenomena and revealing laws; Technology focuses on the development of computers, and studies the methods and technical means of information processing by computers. Science is the foundation of technology, and technology is the embodiment of science; Technology benefits from science, but also puts forward new topics to science.

13. Briefly describe the core content of computer science curriculum system.

The teaching content of the computing curriculum system can be summed up as 14 knowledge bodies, including:

(1) discrete structure (PS)

The research object of computing discipline is discrete variables, and discrete mathematics plays a very important role in the development of computing technology. With the rapid development of computing technology, discrete mathematics has been paid more and more attention.

(2) Programming Basis (PF)

The report "Computing as a Discipline" points out the correct position of programming in computing discipline: programming is a part of the fixed practice in the curriculum of computing discipline, the ability that every student majoring in computing discipline should have, and a part of the core discipline of computing discipline. Programming language is a powerful tool to obtain the important characteristics of computers.

(3) Algorithm and complexity

Algorithms are the basis of computer science and software engineering. In the real world, the performance of any software system only depends on two basic aspects: on the one hand, the selected algorithm; On the other hand, it is the suitability and efficiency of realization at different levels.

(4) Organization and Architecture (AR)

The computer is the core of calculation. Without it, the subject of calculation is only a branch of pure mathematics, and we should have a certain understanding of the functional components of the computer system, as well as their characteristics/performance and interaction.

(5) Operating system

Operating system defines the abstraction of hardware behavior, which programmers use to control hardware. The operating system also manages the sharing of resources among computer users.

(6) Network computing

With the development of computer and communication network, especially the network based on TCP/IP, network technology plays an increasingly important role in computing.

(7) Programming language

Programming language is the main tool for programmers to communicate with computers. A programmer should not only know how to program in one language, but also know the programming styles of different languages.

(8) Human-computer interaction

The focus of human-computer interaction is to understand the interaction between people and interactive objects, to know how to develop and evaluate interactive software systems with human-centered methods, and to know the general knowledge of human-computer interaction design problems.

(9) Graphics and Visual Computing (GV)

The main contents of this main field include: computer graphics, visualization, virtual reality, computer vision and other four disciplines.

(10) intelligent system

The field of artificial intelligence focuses on the design and analysis of autonomous agents. An intelligent system must know its environment, act reasonably on the assigned tasks, and interact with other agents and people.

(1 1) information management

Information system plays an important role in almost all situations where computers are used.

(12) software engineering

Software engineering is a subject about how to effectively use theory/knowledge and practice to establish a software system that meets the needs of users and customers, and can be applied to small, medium and large systems.

Numerical computing science (CN)

Since the birth of the subject of computing, the numerical methods and techniques of scientific computing have become a major field of computer science research.

Social and professional issues (SP)

College students need to understand the basic cultural, social, legal and moral issues of the computing discipline itself. It is also necessary to cultivate students' ability to ask serious questions about the social impact of computing and evaluate the possible answers to these questions. Students should also understand the basic legal rights of suppliers and users of software and hardware, and the basic basis of these rights-moral values.

Three. The subject of discussion

1. The emergence of computers is one of the greatest achievements of this century. What are the specific aspects? According to your observation, please list the applications of computers.

The answer is short.

Computers provide unlimited opportunities and challenges. Using it, we can accomplish many things faster and better, and we can easily contact and communicate with people all over the world. However, have you ever thought about the opposite of things? Are all the changes positive? Will the widespread use of computers have any negative effects? Discuss these and other conceivable problems.

The answer is short.

Is this it?