& lt 1 & gt； Promoting Confucianism by Business and Basic Education
Shanxi merchants became rich by hard work at the beginning of their business. They soon realized that it was not enough to rely solely on diligence and thrift. It is necessary to recruit talents and cultivate talents.
The talent strategy of Shanxi merchants is divided into two steps: the first step is? Nacai? . Recruit children who are new to literature and ink in their hometown? Students' intentions? , what's your name? Apprentice? Or? Little buddy? Training in food, clothing, housing and transportation for three years, and then selecting the best. What is the second step? Yucai? . Shanxi is located in the Loess Plateau, with barren land and nine droughts in ten years. People don't even have enough to eat, so they have enough money for their children to study.
At that time, there were very few scholars, and the children of those bureaucratic families studied for fame and fortune. They look down on businessmen at all. It is difficult for Shanxi merchants to recruit available talents. In order to get rid of the predicament completely and for the sustainable development of business, Shanxi businessmen are forced to start from basic education in a down-to-earth manner. They took their hard-earned money back to their hometown to run a compulsory school, and invited a knowledgeable teacher to teach, so that children in the village and neighboring villages could go to school for free. This wind is inspiring, and Shanxi's humanities are thriving. Mongolian museums, classic museums and private schools have mushroomed all over Sanjin.
There is a well-preserved stele building next to Kangjia Ancestral Temple in Luopu Village, Duan Chun Town, Lingshi County, Jinzhong City, which was built in memory of Kang Xuan, a highly respected Confucian businessman. In the thirty-second year of Qing Qianlong (6 1 person), he donated silver for public construction, with a total of 4 workers, 7 Taisheng, 27 Linsheng and 23 Taisheng. It can be seen from this monument that in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, there lived an ordinary family in the mountains with a total population of no more than 500, and about half of the women were not allowed to study, so there were so many scholars. Although their academic qualifications are not high, they are rare in the educational history of old China. From kang's home? Chongwen attaches importance to education? As can be seen from the examples, great achievements have been made in the popularization of basic education in urban and rural areas of Shanxi during the prosperous period of Qing, Kang and Gan.
& lt2> Promoting Business with Confucianism and Attaching Importance to Vocational Education
Originated from Shanxi merchants? Body and thigh system? And then what? Silver stock system? Originally, it was a living habit of exchanging needed goods between rural neighbors in Shanxi, and it was a simple and credible way of doing things with mutual help and friendship. In the process of evolution from agricultural civilization to commercial civilization, they groped out a? One person contributes, and many groups negotiate? The road to prosperity and wealth. In order to ensure that the rights of all parties are not infringed, they integrate the contractual investment of capital owners and the management of workers into the same property rights system framework. Earn profits through capital circulation and commercial operation, and win-win cooperation between labor and capital; Then, through the rational distribution of surplus value, the eastern partners can enjoy the operating results together.
Shanxi businessmen mainly encourage management talents? Body and thigh system? It has built a platform for young talents to display their talents and deeply attracted rural youth from poor families. Those students who became famous as students gave up their studies one after another and did not hesitate to pick up their luggage and go to the office? Students' intentions? Let's go They found another ideal way of life. Who wants to study hard at the cold window and cross the wooden bridge with thousands of troops?
There is a saying in rural Jinzhong:? The scholar entered the font size and turned over a new leaf? . Rural students and promising young people are recommended by the store insurance, and then enter the font size through strict oral and written tests, which is equivalent to being admitted to vocational and technical schools or business schools. This is a unique mode of work-study vocational education.
Is the characteristic of Shanxi merchants patriarchal clan system? Shop insurance system? And strict? Paving regulations? , forming a strong institutional culture atmosphere and a strict training and hard-constrained organizational environment. Encourage apprentices to progress. Peasant children from poor families gave up their studies at the age of 12 or 13. With the instructions of their ancestors and the expectations of their relatives, they reluctantly left their hometown and began to step into the threshold of the office? Endure people? . No matter their future position, whether they are rich or poor, their behavior will be reflected in their hometown and praised or punished by the patriarch. If you are fired by the name of the store because of misconduct and lose your job, you will be ashamed to meet your hometown elders, let alone face references.
New apprentices start as handyman and learn the rules, etiquette and professional knowledge of the firm at the same time; Understand the history, culture, geography, climate, product characteristics, local conditions and customs. Some large companies also employ foreign teachers to learn foreign languages and minority languages; Familiar with national laws and regulations, political system, business situation and diplomatic practices. There is a passage in "Clear Bi Chao" written by Tsui Hark: Mongolians know Mongolian, Manchus know Manchu and Russians know Russian. Every evening, all the employees are editing and learning languages?
The firm intends to assign outstanding scholars to sub-villages in bitter and cold areas to exercise their minds, and then to practice in big docks and commercial towns. Trainee? . The better the economic benefits, the stronger the learning atmosphere, and the stricter the control over apprentices. The shopkeeper teaches by example, and friends learn from each other. The firm closely combines learning and practice, theory and practice, conduct and destiny, performance and interest, and teaches students in accordance with their aptitude.
Through strict vocational education and shopping experience, from apprentices to shopkeepers, from civilians to rich people. A successful businessman not only brings glory to his family, but also happiness to his hometown. After they made a fortune, they returned to their hometown to build bridges and roads, help the poor, run schools and educate people, and nourish mulberries. They have also been commended and praised by officials at all levels and become guests of the government. Since ancient times, the official career has been bumpy, and the business road is more dangerous! Doing business can also be described as self-cultivation, saving the world and benefiting the people, and it can also achieve the same effect as official career. If you have money, you can buy a fame and donate an official title, which is also the envy of the world. You can also show your talents in society and realize your life ideal of serving your country.
Children of farmers who have worked in the firm for a long time? Top stocks? In rural areas, it is also a matter of ancestor worship. A peasant woman can marry a businessman and have nothing to worry about all her life. From Confucianism to business, how can it last for a few years and then get worse and worse? How much business (shares) can I get? The whole family can live a well-off life. Unlike some down-and-out Confucian scholars, they can't even beg. In fact, there are only a few people, most of whom are ordinary employees, from little guys to shopkeepers. As long as you have a good character and work hard, you will be employed for a long time. Honest and skilled old businessmen will also be respected, and their salaries and shares will continue to increase. Shanxi people don't respect false reputation and do business calmly. They think business is a wise choice for scholars.
The vocational education of Shanxi merchants directly competed with the imperial examination education of the Qing court for students, while most Confucian scholars in Shanxi did not take the official examination, which attracted the special attention of Shanxi officials. In the second year of Yongzheng, Liu Shang, the governor of Shanxi, played in the imperial court. Shanyou has a habit of paying attention to profit rather than the same name. Children who are handsome are more likely to enter the profession, followed by small officials, who are below the general level and are good at reading and taking exams, so that the wind of scholars is humble. ?
Yong Zhengdi's royal approval is:? On the right side of the mountain, merchants are the first, the second is willing to help farmers, the third is seeking to enter the camp, and finally make them study. As far as I know, customs are ridiculous. ?
The author thinks that it is not Shanxi people who are ridiculous, but Yong Zhengdi himself. The imperial examination system adhered to by the Qing government has long lost its appeal and lost to Shanxi merchants in the battle for talents. He has not yet woken up. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Jian, the last top scholar, resigned to run an industry in Shanghai, and Qu, who was well versed in Chinese and Western cultures, resigned from the Japanese consul and returned to Shaanxi to run an industry. Shanxi merchants not only have strong economic strength, but also have good education, which is a precedent for vocational education in China.
& lt3> Pay equal attention to business studies and strengthen quality education.
Shanxi merchants take cultivating high-quality talents as their business strategy. Cultivate Confucianism with business, promote business with Confucianism, and pay equal attention to business and Confucianism? It is a magic weapon for the success of Shanxi businessmen. The rich man of Shanxi merchants? No doubt about employing people, no doubt about employing people? Enlightened and broad-minded mind originated from Bai Gui, the ancestor of Shanxi merchants? Seeking the situation, not complaining about others, so you can choose people to follow the trend and let them go after Jia Zhili, a fish and salt merchant. ?
Generally speaking, the financiers of Shanxi merchants do not participate in the operation, but focus on finding and selecting the chief shopkeeper and opening up new markets. Let the big shopkeeper trade independently and display his wisdom. Just like a clever beekeeper, the financial boss of Shanxi merchants only needs to choose the honey source and cultivate the queen bee to get dividends. For example, the epitaph of Chang Weifeng, a well-known Yuci family in the business world, reads: Your nature is clear and sensitive, and this matter is easy. Once a ruling is made, a decision will be made immediately. Everyone is smart and capable, so he is physically developed and rich. ?
Another example is: Qiao Zhiyong, treasurer of Qixian County, is a learned Confucian scholar, who knows well the way of prospering business with Confucianism. Qiao Zhiyong hired Yan heavily? Da Deheng? The bank treasurer personally invited the Confucian scholar Gao Yu to prepare for the construction? Dadetong? Ticket number. In just a few years, Joe's two major banks have set up semicolons in major cities across the country, and their business is very prosperous. ? Da Deheng? With what? Dadetong? Keep abreast, the latecomers come from behind and become the most powerful ticket gang leader in economic strength; It is also two of the three ticket banks that finally withdrew from the historical stage under the overall decline of the Shanxi ticket gang. Gao Yu and Yan are two big shopkeepers.
Shops in Shanxi merchants have three rights, namely, the right to allocate funds, the right to appoint and remove personnel, and the right to operate and manage. They are not only talented people, but also broad-minded people. They are not only good at managing money, but also good at cultivating talents. All companies and shopkeepers have gathered a group of honey-picking experts like worker bees. Nearly harsh personality training, manners tempering and knowledge cultivation of Shanxi merchants have quickly occupied domestic and foreign markets for the development and collectivization of Shanxi merchants, and trained tens of thousands of business talents with noble morality and skilled business.
The vein of Shanxi merchants has been passed down from generation to generation for hundreds of years. Groups of high-quality and prestigious business wizards stand out and condense into one huge product after another? Freight gang? . What are the four famous business gangs in Shanxi? Too fan gang? 、? Sindebang? 、? Luze gang? 、? Linxiang gang? Among them, the Thai powder gang has the strongest capital, and among the huge business gangs in Mongolia, Xinjiang and even Siberia, Guang Guang? Dashengkui? There are 16000 camels in one family. ? Jinshang cargo gang? It is impossible to count how many companies there are. According to historical records, there are more than 640 punishment numbers in Taigu Cao family alone. It lasted for more than 300 years, and when it developed, it had about 37,000 employees.
Are you online? Too fan gang? My hometown, Jinzhong, with the most prosperous economy and abundant capital, has another Huitong world with Qixian, Taigu and Pingyao as the main forces? Ticket gang? According to historical records, in the heyday of Shanxi merchants' draft banks, there were 43 general numbers and 566 semicolons in 26 towns at home and abroad.
Every store name of Shanxi merchants has a unique business strategy, which one is not the shopkeeper of Shanxi merchants? Five cars, big breasts, big belly? Financial experts. If you don't have real skills, how dare you play chess in a strong business? If there is no real talent and learning, the rich will not entrust real money to them for management.
All firms attach great importance to credibility, and the greater the economic benefits, the more they attach importance to the moral education of employees. ? Benefiting from righteousness, the name is clear? It is the moral standard of major business gangs in Shanxi. Its? Tokuda Tong Xia? 、 ? Goods all over the world? 、 ? Huitong world? 、? Litong world? Our cultural concept has not only accumulated huge commercial capital, but also cultivated a batch of business wizards who are full of pioneering spirit, know how to operate, manage well, calculate accurately and have a keen market awareness.
Shanxi merchants have noble merchant integrity and feelings of home and country, paying equal attention to justice and benefit. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Qing government officials were frightened by foreign guns and guns, and while cutting land for compensation, they lamented that weak countries had no diplomacy.
Shanxi merchants, with their amazing courage and superhuman wisdom, crossed Europe and Asia and crossed the ocean in Tokyo, Yokohama, Kobe and Osaka in Japan. Sinuiju and Incheon in North Korea; Moscow, Petersburg and other places in Russia have opened xx branches of Shanxi Synbiotics Bank, which are open to the outside world, earning foreigners' money and winning glory for Chinese people. Synbiotics Bank not only provides convenience and preferential treatment for overseas students and overseas Chinese, but also safeguards the country's economic interests and national dignity. It not only initiated a new era for China financial institutions to participate in international economic competition, but also fully demonstrated the talents of Shanxi businessmen in front of the world. Synbiotics Bank can be said to be the first international bank in China.
& lt4> Long-term environment promotes social education.
Due to the invasion of foreign capital, the heavy squeeze of bureaucratic capital, years of war and looting by soldiers and bandits and other irresistible reasons, the prosperity of Shanxi merchants for 500 years has gone forever, the overall economic strength has weakened, and most of them have closed down. However, the people they have carefully cultivated are still active, and the context is still continuing. People who are forced to be diverted to all walks of life still play their professional skills and talents.
Shanxi businessmen have the experience of transnational business and overseas study tour, which enriches their knowledge, broadens their horizons and understands the world. They know that the reason for China's passive beating is political corruption and backward technology. In order to revive the family business and China, the descendants of Shanxi merchants who received a good family education and higher education were not devastated by the decline of business.
They are willing to go bankrupt, abandon business and teach, and be a ladder. For example, Yuci Chang Zanchun studied at Shi Jing University and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree. He abandoned business to teach and devoted himself to teaching in the College of Arts, Law School and Education College of Shanxi University. Chang Naide graduated from Beijing Normal University majoring in history and geography, and then went to Japan to study. After returning to China, he worked as a professor in yenching university, Shanxi University, Sichuan University and West China University. Some of them gave up their high positions and high salaries, remained poor and devoted themselves to saving the country through industry and education.
For example, Qu of Qixian served as the consul of the Qing Dynasty in Yokohama, Japan, and soon abandoned politics and returned to China. On the one hand, he invested in national industries, founded Shuang Fu Match Company with Qiao Yuting, invested in the construction of Tongpu Railway, and participated in the mine protection struggle to regain mining rights from British businessmen. At the same time, organize Shanxi Jinbao Mining Co., Ltd. to unite people from all walks of life to start coal mines and iron mines on their own; Open a new school and raise money for expansion? Autumn rain? Academy, reform old-style education. In order to cultivate scientific and technological talents, English teachers are hired from Beiyang University Hall, and mathematics, physics and chemistry teachers are hired from Shanxi University Hall. For example, Qu Jinshan was founded in Qixian County? Good letter? Primary schools offer new courses such as Chinese, English, arithmetic, music, fine arts and physical education.
The Chang family in Yuci, which is full of talents, develops people's wisdom through education and seeks the road of enriching the country through revitalizing industry. Chang, Chang Linshu, Chang Zanchun and other people of insight founded successively? At the beginning? School? At the beginning? Middle school? Shame? The girls' school is the first private middle school and the first private girls' school in Shanxi. In order to encourage students to study for the rise of China, Yuci is always at home. Duchu school? He also edited textbooks on patriotism history and geography. Shanxi merchants education at this time? Ideas? , Yucai? Purpose? , Yucai? Method? A fundamental change has taken place. Break the simplicity? Cultivate Confucianism with business and promote business with Confucianism? Traditional ideas, from simple? Training talents for business revitalization? What is the purpose of running a school? Cultivate talents for rejuvenating the nation and saving China? Ambition.
At the same time, a large number of descendants of Shanxi merchants, who have learned both Chinese and western cultures, abandoned their narrow local concepts and invested in modern education all over the country. In order to get rid of the disadvantages of traditional education, they changed their home school library into a new school; Actively cooperate with celebrities and scholars in running schools; Introduce new disciplines and offer new courses to train talents for the country. For example, the descendants of Shanxi salt merchant Wang opened in Tianjin? Zhonghe cigarette shop? Specializing in Lanzhou blue and yellow silk cigarettes, which lasted for more than 350 years, is known as? Eight people in Tianjin? One of them, his successor Wang, is one of the founders of the famous Nankai School. From 65438 to 0904, at the initiative of Zhang Boling, Wang merged his family school with Yanshi School and founded Nankai School. The first session only enrolled 96 students, including famous educators.
During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, countless patriotic children of Shanxi merchants joined the army and abandoned their businesses to resist Japan. For example, Jia Ruyu, a financial talent carefully trained by the famous banker Jia, moved to more than 30 counties such as Yining, Xinyuan and Suiding in Xinjiang with the First Corps of the Fourth Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army as a financial supervisor. At the same time of taking over the Kuomintang bank, the local people's bank was established and a new financial system was implemented, which quickly stabilized the monetary situation in Xinjiang. At the beginning of the founding of New China, many workers in science and technology, education, industry and commerce, finance, finance and trade systems all over the country came from Shanxi merchants.
Shanxi merchants used economic leverage to constantly push the wheel of history forward, and their carefully trained talents changed China society. Shanxi merchants not only occupy an important historical position in the world business history, but also the talents trained by Shanxi merchants have played an inestimable role in promoting the civilization and progress of China society.