1, resolution: the minimum distance between two particles.
2. Cell culture: Take out the tissues in vivo and disperse (mechanically or enzymatically digest) them into single cells. Under the condition of artificial culture, it is allowed to survive, grow, reproduce and subculture, and the process of life phenomena such as growth, reproduction, contact inhibition and aging is observed.
3. Cell line: Under the condition of in vitro culture, some cells have gene mutation, which has the characteristics of cancer cells, loses contact inhibition and may be inherited indefinitely.
4. Cell line: Generally, it can be successfully propagated for 40-50 generations in vitro, and still maintain the original diploid number and contact inhibition behavior.
5. Primary cell culture: directly take out tissues from organisms, grow monolayer cells through tissue blocks, or disperse tissues into single cells through enzyme digestion or mechanical methods, and culture in vitro. The culture before the first paragraph is called primary culture.
6. Sub-culture: After the single-layer cultured cells formed by primary culture meet, they need to be isolated and cultured (that is, the cells are transplanted from one culture container to another in a certain proportion), otherwise the cells will run out of nutrients due to insufficient living space or excessive cell density, which will affect cell growth. This kind of isolation and culture is called subculture.
7. Cell fusion: The phenomenon that two or more cells fuse into a binuclear cell or a multinucleated cell. Generally, it is mediated by inactivated viruses or chemicals, and it can also be fused by electrical stimulation.
8. Monoclonal antibody: By cloning a single antibody-secreting B lymphocyte, an antibody only targeting a certain antigenic determinant is obtained, which has the characteristics of strong specificity and mass production.
9. Biofilm: All membrane phase structures of cells are called biofilms.
10, Liposome: artificial membrane is prepared according to the fact that phospholipid molecules can form a stable lipid bilayer membrane in water phase.
1 1, Amphoteric molecule (amphoteric molecule): A molecule like phospholipid has both a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Such molecules are called amphoteric molecules.
12. Intrinsic protein: It is distributed between phospholipid bilayers and binds to the hydrophobic tail of phospholipid molecules through hydrophobic amino acids with strong binding force. Only after treating and decomposing the membranes with detergent can they be separated.
13. Peripheral protein: A water-soluble protein, which is easily separated from the polar head of protein molecules or lipid molecules on the membrane surface by ionic bonds or other weak bonds.
14. Cell envelope: Also known as sugar calyx, the outer surface of the cell membrane is covered with a layer of mucopolysaccharide, which is actually an oligosaccharide chain with valence bond between the cell surface and protein or lipid molecules in the plasma membrane. It is a normal structural component of membrane, which protects membrane proteins and plays an important role in cell recognition.
15. Cell connection: Cell connection is an important organizational model in multicellular organisms. Adjacent cells are connected and cooperate with each other through cell membranes. Structurally, it often includes several parts, namely, the plasma membrane, the plasma membrane and the extracellular plasma membrane, which are very important for maintaining the integrity of tissues, and some of them also have the function of cell communication.
16, tight junction: tight junction is the main form of closed junction, which generally exists between various cavities and glandular epithelial cells of vertebrates. It means that the adjacent plasma membranes are directly and closely connected, which can prevent molecules in the solution, especially macromolecules, from infiltrating into the body along the gaps between cells and maintain the stability of the intracellular environment.