The so-called economical and practical marriage is a kind of marriage modification implemented spontaneously by the poor to save money. In other words, you don't need to get married, you can save a gift and even reduce the daily wedding expenses. Economical, convenient and practical. Specifically, there are the following points:
1) Exchange marriage. This is a typical form of marriage in the history of China. It refers to the marriage mode in which two families with different surnames exchange opposite-sex children as spouses through agreement. When a man marries another woman, in exchange, a woman must marry another woman's home.
In ancient China, exchange marriages were popular from top to bottom. For example, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji and Jiang were married from generation to generation. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty married Wei Qing's sister Wei Zifu, and Wei Qing married Princess Pingyang, the sister of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Liu Jia, the king of the Han Dynasty, married Ren Bao, and Ren Bao married Liu Jia's sister Liu. Of course, the original intention of this exchange between nobles is to expand political resources for political purposes. According to the current statement, resources are shared and strong alliances are made. Poor people are not stupid, so they naturally learn this skill and become the main consumers of exchange marriage. Their characteristics are: weak combination, exchange of needed goods, reducing costs and saving resources. Due to the silence of the poor in historical romance, we can't find the historical data of the poor exchanging marriage. But in literary and artistic works, we see too much, even in some rural areas of our country, there are still exchange marriages.
2) Adoption marriage
In China, a male-dominated society, adoptive marriage is a completely different form of marriage, which is characterized by: when a man enters a woman's house, it is commonly known as pouring soup. When a girl comes down, she has to take her surname. In short, the man in this form of marriage is very discriminated against by society. When he went to the woman's house, he worked like a giant selling pills or an old cow. Men choose this way, more because of economic reasons, poor family, can not afford the bride price, can not afford to marry a wife. Second, there are many brothers in my heart, so it doesn't matter if I sell one. Third, for personality reasons, men are either honest or the other extreme-lazy and idle. There is a special social issue in our daily newspaper, saying that in tangyin county, a mute girl's parents recruited a door-to-door son-in-law. This young man is very handsome. I didn't expect that guy to be lazy and always beat the dumb girl after drinking. Sargam has a strong self-esteem and keeps it from his family. After the incident, the woman's parents drove the boy away. The young man mixed up for a while and didn't get along well, so he came back by himself. Sargam Jr. is infatuated and gestures to welcome him back. The family thought he had changed and forgot. I didn't expect the young man to get worse after mixing for a while. He also went out for prostitution and beat Sargam. The family was anxious and drove him away again. In desperation, the young man killed Sargam and his mother-in-law. In short, the average man will not choose to get married through adoption.
However, once you choose to adopt and get married, the economic benefits are considerable. The woman's family not only gave up the bride price requirement, but also paid a lot, such as giving you a piece of land and three rooms. Without the economic temptation, men will not take the bait. Of course, for poorer men, a daughter-in-law is a huge asset. So there may be no requirements for the economy.
About the origin of adoption marriage, there was a history in the pre-Qin period, and it became popular in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was divided into four types: the old-age type-living in the woman's home for the elderly all her life; Age type-the two sides agree on a certain age, during which the children take the female surname, and after the age, they take the male surname; Leave the house type-husband and wife get married, separate from their wife's home and live independently; Guizong type-the agreed period expires, or the wife dies, and the man returns to his hometown.
In modern rural society, such marriages still exist in large numbers. The village head of my hometown, among the migrant workers in factories and mines near the village, chose an honest and beautiful poor boy for his daughter and built a yard for them alone, which was protected by his father-in-law. The young couple also had a good time. As for modern cities, there are many varieties of hidden inverted doors and inverted doors. In 2002, China Youth Daily once made a special report "My marriage broke down in the urban-rural fringe", in which the protagonist was full of bitterness. They are rural people, receiving higher education in cities, staying in cities after graduation, and their wives are urban hukou, which is inherently superior. If this man's job is arranged with the help of the woman's family, and this man has to live in the woman's family temporarily, it will be miserable. In fact, the suffering they complain about is essentially the same as that of the son-in-law who intruded into society in history. After all, they are all highly educated, and life is nothing at ordinary times. This man is both inside and outside the house. Sociologists have investigated that women in this kind of marriage often threaten that the work at home depends on him! Conflicts in their lives are usually caused by the existence of the man's parents and relatives. In other words, this kind of marriage seems to be only the foundation of the woman's family, and the man's family does not enjoy rights. In the above report, there is a hero whose mother came all the way to see her son, brought a bag of salted eggs that she didn't want to eat at ordinary times, and was thrown into the trash can by her daughter-in-law. The man was very helpless. What's in it is beyond the description of history class. You can look at the relevant chapters in the literature. Wang Dajin's novel The Road to Desire is quite wonderful. There are often such plots in film and television shots!
3) Children's brides.
Child bride is a unique traditional marriage custom in China. Refers to a family with a son who adopts a virgin as an adopted daughter, and can't get married until the son and adopted daughter reach marriageable age, commonly known as consummation. Because this kind of daughter-in-law comes early and needs to grow up to get married, it is also called a daughter-in-law who is waiting for years. Of course, some of them are called "Hou Lang's daughter-in-law", but their parents adopted their daughter-in-law before the man became pregnant in the womb. Its function is equivalent to China people naming girls as brothers, and there is nothing to say.
China has the custom of raising children since ancient times. The History of the Three Kingdoms records: "Woman 10 years old, married in a married home, raised as a daughter-in-law." After the Song Dynasty, this custom became popular. The reason for its prevalence lies in its economy. If a poor family gives birth to a daughter and can't afford it, even if she gives it to a well-off family, she can still get a few barrels of rice. The man, on the other hand, does not do good deeds out of thin air, but is unwilling to pay too much dowry or can't afford it, and the market is thus formed. Although the man needs to spend money to raise his daughter-in-law, his daily expenses are not a problem. There is no need to take out so much dowry and money at once, which is equivalent to putting the money in the bank, breaking it into several parts and taking it out at one time. Moreover, the husband's family may be cheaper, because the child bride is in the husband's family and has to take part in heavy work, both as a child laborer and a volunteer, and also to take care of her husband. Some in-laws, coveting the woman's labor force, often hold their wives too big. Therefore, there is a folk song "Little Son-in-law" that says "the 18-year-old elder sister and the 9-year-old Lang went to bed at night, and the in-laws are still at home, so you are the son and I am the mother". There is even worse: "A 18-year-old elder sister is one year old, tall and short. She feeds and drinks food during the day and undresses him at night. He comes to pee and I wait on him, saying that his wife looks like his mother." Here are some examples I know. The first one, my fourth grandmother, is thirteen years older than my fourth grandfather. There is another, a neighbor of my hometown, who is almost eighty years old now. When he was nine, he married his child bride. At that time, the groom was too young and fell asleep like a dead pig. Think about the poor boys in the country at that time. He is crazy all day, of course, he sleeps deeply at night and wets the bed. Before the consummation, his mother waited on him to pee. The house is round, and my mother-in-law certainly doesn't care. But the new wife is shy and doesn't care. On the first day of consummation, my mother-in-law told her daughter-in-law that she would pee the groom at night. The bride was embarrassed, so the next morning, everyone saw her bask in the quilt come out. Needless to say, the groom wet the bed. On the third day, I found her out of bask in the quilt again. Mother-in-law said: Why don't you tell him to get up at night to pee? The bride said, I did, but I couldn't wake up. Mother-in-law said: If you throw him into the well, he will still sleep soundly. How can you wake him up? Pick him up. At that time, she was poor, and the bride only had two quilts. She was very upset. On the third night. When my mother-in-law went to the room to listen, she first heard her daughter-in-law call the groom to get up. At that time, her daughter-in-law was shy and never called her man's name directly, just called him "hey". After a while, nothing happened. The bride picked up the groom and hugged him to pee. My mother-in-law was very happy when she was watching outside, and my daughter-in-law finally got on the road. I didn't expect this happiness to be raging outside. When the bride inside heard this, she was embarrassed and threw the groom who was sleeping soundly into the urine. It got even more interesting later. My father and this neighbor are both village cadres. One day, they led a cadre of the commune (the township government was called the commune at that time) to have a pie meal. As soon as the township government entered the yard, she saw a woman spinning flowers. She sighed to my neighbor: Lao Li, it's really not simple. Your mother is so old that she can still spin flowers. This story has been handed down in our hometown to this day. Now, the old man is quite healthy, the bride has become a shrimp, and her eyes have narrowed into a crack.
If it is difficult for a son-in-law to insert the door backwards, it is even more difficult for a child bride. Zheng Banqiao's poem says:
The little woman was twelve years old and resigned from home.
Gu ordered chores and went into the Chinese kitchen with a knife.
My salary is broken and my fingers are dry.
If you don't teach when you are young, you will be detained when you grow up.
Insult today and whip tomorrow.
Five days without clothes and ten days without skin.
Swallows chattered and sighed at the dark wall.
No parents came to wash their tears.
Speaking of evil, life doesn't need knowledge.
4) Wife gets married
The so-called mother-in-law, also known as mother-in-law, is widely popular in Zhejiang, Fujian, Gansu, Liaoning, Shanxi and other places in history. Liaoning is called boarding, and Gansu is called wife. In Shanxi, it is called hanging account, and the common people also call it "pulling the side cover"
Renting a wife is an economical form of marriage custom. In short, a husband rents his wife to someone in need. Call a wife for a long time, and a wife for a short time. The Grand View of National Customs says: "The wives of poor families are not allowed to have enough food and clothing, but can be rented to others. They can sign a contract for half a year, one year or three years, depending on the needs of their husbands, to determine the length of the term. Return it when it expires. "
The custom of renting a wife was popular in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Feng Menglong's "Shouning Waiting for it" contains: "If there is an urgent need, sell your wife and be outspoken. Or have a baby with someone else. Only one gold age, it will be full in three weeks, and it will be welcomed when it is full. Canon's demeanor is more generous, and the return is as straightforward as ever. There are also long holidays that don't return to sell coupons. "
There are the following rules for making a wife:
1) The parties to a marriage contract, the original owner of the wife to be married and the owner of the marriage contract must conclude a marriage contract, which will take effect after both parties sign it. In duplicate, one for the husband and one for the husband, including reasons, time limit, standard price, child support, ownership, etc.
2) The daughter-in-law also needs the proof of the matchmaker, and the name of the matchmaker must also be signed on the marriage certificate for future reference.
3) The children born to the standard father follow the standard father's surname and belong to the standard father's family. Norikoyamaguchi has the property inheritance right of Norikoyamaguchi and can also be included in the genealogy of Norikoyamaguchi.
4) A typical wife's wedding is held in the evening to entertain guests. The wedding ceremony was the same as others, except that there were no lanterns hung.
5) In terms of husband-wife relationship and mother-child relationship, the typical wife marriage shows completely different characteristics from other types of marriage, and its temporality determines its particularity. The first is the special relationship between husband and wife. A wife usually lives in her husband's house, but she can also live in her husband's house for a few days every month. When living together, the husband should avoid it and not go to her husband's house like relatives. Secondly, Noriko's wife's main function is to have children, and the principle is to raise children instead of foster mothers. A son can only recognize Noriko's wife as his mother. In some areas of Zhejiang, Noriko called her biological mother "big aunt". In view of this, the classic wife is also called rent belly. The year before last, there was an advertisement in a southern newspaper. A woman in Sichuan wants to rent her belly for100000 yuan, saying that she has a high cultural quality and a college degree, so the rent is high. It's a pity that I didn't read the following, and I don't know if her business is successful. In a word, there are always people who carry forward the traditional culture and save us the trouble. Third, the wife is a people-oriented thing and the price is fixed. The amount of rent naturally depends on the quality of the goods and the market situation. In this way, women's age, appearance, fertility and lease length are all reference when pricing.
A typical wife is the last strategy for the poor and hooligans to muddle along. A typical wife needs children to support her life, but she can't get married more. A typical wife, forced to make a living, needs to use the last resources. Since it is an economic business, there may be disputes, which is more troublesome than ordinary business. Yuan Zhou: His wife has entered a pawn house, publicly become a couple or concubine, and often goes out. It expires in three years and five years, although it is said that it is to be returned to the owner, or the owner of the pawn covets the beauty of the woman and then gives up the money, or the woman covets the fullness of the owner and abandons her husband and mistress, and has been in love for a long time. Light is to add money from the code, heavy is to escape together, heavy is emotional inconsistency, thus killing the appointee.
A typical wife gets into trouble easily. Moreover, the Confucian orthodoxy of "starvation is small and dishonour is great" cannot tolerate such a big business. Therefore, courts and laws prohibit renting wives. For example, "Ming Law Marriage" stipulates that all those who hire wives and concubines with financial code will be eighty. However, the resistance of human feelings and laws in front of the economy is questionable. In a word, what you forbid is mine, and the folk enjoy it. In modern times, this is still popular in Zhejiang. China's "Left-wing" writer Rou Shi's novel "Slave Mother" is set in the rural area of eastern Zhejiang in the early years of the Republic of China, and tells the tragic story of a wife: the protagonist is a kind and gentle woman, and her husband, who is both poor and ill, marries an old scholar with a well-off family to have children, leaving her young son Chun Baolai to the scholar's house. After living in the scholar's home for three years, I finally finished my task-I gave birth to a son Qiu Bao. When I get home, my husband will soon die of illness, and the children will disown my mother.
A typical wife is a bit like a tax evasion business between the poor and the less wealthy. First, the wife of a typical wife is barren or has no male children. According to the main theme of society at that time, she had to take the initiative to take a concubine for her husband. Should I have a baby for myself, or should I find a concubine to argue with me? This is a matter of personal interests, and the proprietress is of course willing to choose the former-to get a temporary little wife for her husband or an hourly worker. Second, the owners are also willing. It would be better if they could marry two or three people. It's just that my financial ability is limited, I don't have a wife at home, or my wife is fierce, so I have to settle for the second best and temporarily rent someone else's wife. Third, the wife's original owner is also willing to make full use of the only land resources in his hand and embark on the road to a well-off life in the spirit of earning one point at a time. This is also a good way to make money. Only this woman, who is similar to a ball, was kicked around and couldn't find her proper position physically and psychologically. How sad!
6, ghost marriage
Also known as ghost marriage, yin marriage, that is, yin marriage. It originated very early, at least in the pre-Qin period. There are many names, ghost match, bone match, secret marriage and round grave.
There is a record about ghost marriage in Zhou Li: "Those who are forbidden to be buried will marry the mourners". "Relocation", Zheng Xuan's note: "It means that the couple were not married when they were born, and the deceased was buried in the same cave, and the relocation made them accompany them." Kong further explained that "relocation and burial means that an adult is widowed, not married at birth, but married at death". This means that people who die before marriage in adulthood often move and bury, that is, ghost wedding ceremonies. In ancient China, people paid attention to the rite of passage. Male crowned at the age of 20, female 15. They are all adults, but if they are unmarried, they can't enjoy sacrifices after death. Besides, the deceased died before he got married. In the eyes of strangers, it is very pitiful to have no companion after death. This is probably the reason why ghost marriage is popular. Of course, ghost marriage also has practical benefits. Although the in-laws of the ghost marriage party are commonly known as ghost in-laws, they don't wait until they become ghosts, but interact with each other like real in-laws. So if the deceased's family has money, naturally more ghosts will come to you. In addition, the phenomenon of early marriage of living people is more serious, and so is ghost marriage. When we develop into the countryside, we will simply engage in ghost weddings for all those who die young, regardless of age. For example, Cao Cao loves his son Cao Chong and Cao Chong is an elephant. I guess he's too smart. /kloc-died at the age of 0/3, and Cao Cao buried him with Zhen Shi's daughter.
The ceremony of ghost marriage is as indispensable as the living and bride price. The only difference is that the wedding ceremony was changed to a round grave, that is, the bodies of both deceased were removed and buried together.
"Miscellaneous Notes of Liyuan" in the Ming Dynasty records: "There is a custom in Shizhou, Shanxi Province, where a man dies after marriage, and his parents must ask for the death of the woman, and the marriage is settled. The rate will be as good as that of the living. After the funeral, relatives will reunite and the woman will die. Parents want to be son-in-law, and the ceremony must be the same. " Looks like there's a match for ghost marriage.
There are too many stories about folk ghost marriages, so I won't go into them here. Talking about ghosts and gods is not my hobby, so let's stop here.