I. Explanation of nouns 1. Psychology-Psychology is a science that studies people's psychological phenomena and the laws of their activities. 2, psychological process-refers to the cognitive process (feeling, perception, memorization, imagination and thinking), emotion and emotional process and will process. 3, observation-observation, in view of natural conditions, people have a planned perception process of things for a certain purpose. Observation is a research method based on sensory activities, combined with positive thinking, and systematically using the senses to perceive, investigate and describe objective things. 4. Natural experiment method —— Under the condition of normal nature, consciously cause or create the phenomenon to be studied according to the predetermined plan. 5. Reflex is a regular response activity of organisms to internal and external stimuli with the help of the central nervous system. 6, reflex arc-is the physiological structure to achieve reflection. It includes receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve, feedback and effector. 7. Unconditional reflex-Unconditional reflex is born, born without learning. 8. Conditioned reflex-acquired. It is a reflection formed through learning in the process of individual life. 9. Excitement process-refers to the function of cerebral cortex and its corresponding organs changing from a relatively static state to an active state. 10, inhibition process-refers to the function of cerebral cortex and its corresponding organs from active state to relatively static state 1 1, the diffusion and concentration of excitement and inhibition-when a part of cerebral cortex is excited. Instead of staying at the origin, it spreads to the surrounding nerve cells, which is the diffusion of excitement and inhibition. After diffusion to a certain extent, it gathers at the origin. This is the concentration of excitement and inhibition. 12, the mutual induction of excitement and inhibition means that one neural process can enhance the opposite neural process. 13, the first signal system-conditioned reflex system caused by specific stimuli, and the second signal system-conditioned reflex system caused by words as conditioned stimuli. 16, intentional attention-refers to the attention that needs to be made with a certain will for a predetermined purpose. 17, unintentional attention-is a kind of attention that has no predetermined purpose in advance and does not require any will to work hard. 18, intentional attention-refers to attention with both purpose and no great will. 19, the distribution of attention-refers to the characteristics of drawing attention to two or more objects or activities at the same time. 20, the transfer of attention-according to the new needs, take the initiative to transfer attention from one object to another in a timely manner. 2 1, feeling-is the reflection of the individual attributes of the objective things directly acting on the sensory organs by the human brain. 22. Perception is a reflection of the overall attributes of objective things that the human brain directly acts on the sensory organs. 23, sensitivity-the difference in sensory ability of sensory organs to suitable stimuli is called sensitivity. 24. Sensory threshold refers to the amount of stimulus that can cause sensation to last for a period of time. 25. Analyzer is a complex nerve device, which consists of sensory organs, conduction nerves (including afferent and efferent nerves) and corresponding areas of cerebral cortex. 26. Adaptation —— The change of sensitivity caused by continuous stimulation is called adaptation. 27. Memory is the reflection of past experiences in the human brain. 28, memory representation-when the perceived thing is not in front of you, its image can still be presented in your mind, this phenomenon is called memory representation. 29. Memory is the process of knowing and remembering something by repeatedly perceiving and leaving an image in your mind. 30. Retention-It is the process of storing and consolidating memory materials in the brain, and the retention of the brain is quite large. 3 1, proactive inhibition-the interference of learning materials to learning materials is called proactive inhibition. 32. Backward inhibition-interference with materials learned later is called backward inhibition. 33. Recognition is the process of re-recognizing what has been remembered. 34. Reproduction refers to the process of recalling what you have experienced outside the line of sight. 35. Forgetting-materials that have been memorized can no longer be identified or reproduced, or errors can be identified and reproduced. This phenomenon is called forgetting. 36. Thinking is an indirect and general reflection of many objective things in the human brain, which can reflect the essence and laws of things. 37. Imagination is a process in which the human brain processes and transforms existing images and creates new images. 38. Unconscious imagination-it is an imagination that naturally arises under some stimulus and has no predetermined purpose. 39. Intentional imagination-it is an imagination that is consciously carried out under the control of consciousness according to a certain purpose. 40. Rebuilding imagination is a psychological process of forming a new image in the human brain according to text description and pattern instructions. 4 1. Creating imagination is a psychological process in which people independently create new images in their minds by using existing representations. 42. Fantasy is related to personal wishes and points to future imagination. Action thinking The thinking based on actual action is called action thinking. 44. Thinking in images based on intuitive images is called thinking in images. 45. Abstract thinking-thinking based on concepts that directly reflect the essence of things is called abstract thinking. 46. Divergent thinking-thinking that forms multiple correct answers in multiple directions is called divergent thinking. 47. Concentrated thinking-thinking in one direction leads to singleness. 49. Emotion is the experience of people's attitude towards whether objective things meet their own needs. 50. Emotion is a weak and lasting emotional state. 5 1, stress-is a highly nervous emotional state caused by unexpected situations. 52. Moral sense-moral emotion is the emotional experience when people's thoughts, intentions and behaviors are evaluated according to certain moral standards. 53, aesthetic feeling-according to certain aesthetic standards to evaluate the emotional experience of objective things. 54. Sense of reason is the emotional experience when people evaluate the achievements of cognitive activities in the process of intellectual activities. 55. Will is a process in which people consciously determine their own goals, control and adjust their behavior according to the goals, and overcome difficulties to achieve the predetermined goals. 56. Will Action-Action under the control of will is called action. 57. Motivation refers to the content motivation that causes and maintains individual activities and makes them move towards a certain goal. This is a direct manifestation of the demand for power. 58. Will consciousness means that a person has a clear purpose in his actions, has a clear and profound understanding of the purpose of his actions, and effectively controls the will quality of his actions. 59. Decisiveness of will refers to the quality of will that is good at distinguishing right from wrong, making decisions quickly and reasonably, and actively implementing decisions. 60. Persistence of will-refers to the quality of will to persistently implement decisions. 6 1, the self-control of the will-refers to a person's will quality that is good at controlling and coordinating his actions. 62. Personality-Modern psychology usually understands personality as a person's whole mental outlook, that is, the sum of a person's unique personality psychological characteristics with certain tendency and stability. 63. Needs are people's psychological tendency to lack something in personal or social life and try to be satisfied. It is necessary to reflect the inevitability and requirements of some objective existence and become the source of enthusiasm for personal activities. 64. Interest-refers to a person's psychological tendency with positive emotional color, which is often inclined to something, trying to understand and participate in an activity. This tendency has the characteristics of stability and can be maintained for a long time in something or an activity. 65, personality psychological characteristics-refers to a person's regular and stable psychological characteristics. 66, indirect benefits-refers to the benefits caused by the results of things or activities. 67, ability-is a direct impact on the efficiency of activities, to ensure the smooth completion of activities of personality and psychological characteristics. It is always associated with activities and becomes a psychological factor that affects the efficiency of activities. 68. Personality refers to a person's stable attitude towards objective reality and his habitual behavior. 69. Temperament-In psychology, a person's unique and relatively stable dynamic characteristics in psychological activities are called temperament. The so-called dynamic characteristics of psychological activities refer to the intensity, speed of change, flexibility, stability and directivity of psychological activities. 70. General ability is the basic ability that people must possess in various activities, including observation, memory, thinking, imagination and attention. 7 1, creativity-refers to the ability to purposefully create innovative and unique ideas and products with social value in activities. 72. Learning-Learning in a broad sense is a more lasting behavior change caused by experience. Refers to the learning of people and animals. 73. Meaning learning-learning that enables learners to acquire corresponding cognitive content in their minds through symbols is called meaning learning. 74. Mechanical learning is to establish immaterial and artificial connection between the new knowledge represented by symbols and the existing appropriate concepts in learners' cognitive structure. 75. Accepting learning-it is a way for teachers to guide students to accept the meaning of things, and it is a way for teachers to tell students to listen in classroom learning. 76. Discovery learning-inspired by teachers. 78. Interest in learning is the conscious tendency of students to acquire knowledge, explore something or participate in some activities. 79, concept, refers to the symbol represented by a class of things with the key characteristics of * * * *. 80. Conceptual assimilation refers to learners' ability to master a new concept by distinguishing the similarities and differences between a new concept and the original related concepts, and directly incorporating the definition of a concept into an appropriate part of their cognitive structure. 8 1, creativity-is the ability to produce unique and extraordinary products with certain human value. Also known as creativity or psychology of creation. 82. Learning transfer refers to the influence of one kind of learning on another. Morality-that is, moral quality, also known as character and virtue. It refers to the psychological characteristics and moral stability tendency of individuals when they act according to certain moral codes of conduct, and is the core part of personality with moral evaluation significance. 84. Observational learning is a process in which individuals obtain the symbolic phenomenon of example behavior by observing the behavior of example, and guide learners to make corresponding behaviors. 85. Obedience is a process of accepting others' opinions and opinions on the surface, agreeing with others in explicit behavior, but not agreeing with others in cognition and emotion. 86. Identity is a process of actively accepting the influence of others in thought, emotion and attitude. Deeper than obedience. 87. Internalization refers to being consistent with other people's ideas and viewpoints, and integrating one's own ideas with one's original ideas and beliefs to form a complete value system. 88. School mental health guidance-refers to the school's guidance on students' mental health. That is, psychologists and educators educate students on mental health knowledge, improve their mental health level, provide psychological counseling and help for students with cognitive defects, emotional disorders, behavioral problems and learning disabilities, and promote their mental health development. 89. Health is not just the absence of defects and diseases, but a complete physical, psychological state and social adaptability. 90. Psychological disorder refers to abnormal psychology that affects the normal behavior and activity efficiency of individuals. It is a mild trauma caused by frustration in psychological activities. 9 1, learning disabilities-students lack certain learning ability, which leads to obvious difficulties in learning activities. 92, psychological counseling-is the use of psychological knowledge and expertise, through good interpersonal communication between consultants and visitors, to help visitors stand on their own feet, autonomy, independence, objective analysis of the problems faced and overcome them, improve mental health, improve the adaptability of the process. Second, the short answer: 1, what is the research object of psychology? What aspects do people's psychological phenomena include? The object of psychological research is human psychological phenomenon. Human psychological phenomena include psychological process and personality psychology. (1) Psychological process includes three interrelated aspects: cognitive process, emotional process and will process. The main contents of cognitive process include feeling, perception, memory, imagination and thinking. (2) Personality psychology is embodied in personality tendency, personality psychological characteristics and self-awareness. Personality tendency mainly includes needs, motives, interests, ideals, beliefs and world outlook. Personality psychological characteristics mainly include people's ability, temperament and personality. 2. What is the theoretical and practical significance of learning psychology? (1) Theoretically, psychological research provides scientific arguments for Marxist philosophy. Psychological theory helps to overcome and criticize all kinds of idealism. Psychological research contributes to the development and research of neighboring disciplines. (2) Practical significance: Psychology is of great significance for guiding people's practical activities and improving production and labor efficiency. Psychology helps to do a good job in management and ideological and political work. Psychology contributes to people's physical and mental health and improves medical effect. Psychology is of great significance to improving the quality of education and teaching. 3. What principles must be followed in research psychology? (1) Principle of objectivity (2) Principle of systematicness (3) Principle of development (4) Principle of education. 4. What is the difference between idealism and materialism? (1) Idealism holds that psychology exists independently of matter, and that psychology is primary and matter is secondary. (2) Materialism holds that the generation of psychology depends on the existence of matter, which is primary, psychology is secondary and psychology is the product of matter. 5. What is the relationship between the first signal system and the second signal system? (1) The first signal system is a conditioned reflex system caused by a specific stimulus. The second signal system is a conditioned reflex system caused by words as conditioned stimuli. (2) There are differences and connections between the two signal systems. The first signal system is owned by humans and animals, and the second signal system is unique to humans. The second signal system is based on the first signal system, which regulates the activities of the first signal system, and the two signal systems cooperate to produce human psychology. 6. Briefly describe the physiological mechanism of conditioned reflex formation and the conditions for its establishment: The physiological mechanism of conditioned reflex formation is that unconditional stimulus and conditional stimulus form a temporary neural connection in the cerebral cortex. The formation of conditioned reflex is conditional, that is, conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus must overlap in time; Conditioned reflex needs unconditional stimulation to strengthen. 7. What are the characteristics of attention? Range, concentration, stability, distribution and attention transfer. 8. What are the characteristics that middle school students focus on? (1) Pay attention to further development, and start to develop stable attention to abstract materials. (2) Pay attention to intentions and develop faster. (3) Pay attention to better quality. (4) Pay attention to individual differences. 9. What are the reasons for not paying attention? (1) objective reasons: the intensity, freshness, activity changes and the contrast between stimuli. (2) Subjective reasons: people's needs, interests and attitudes; Human knowledge and experience; People's expectations of things; People's mood and mental state. 10, what are the conditions for causing and maintaining unintentional attention? Understand the purpose and task of the activity; Cultivate indirect interest; Eliminate interference. Organize activities reasonably. 1 1. Briefly describe the basic characteristics of perception: selectivity, integrity, comprehension and constancy. 12. What are the factors that affect perceived selectivity? (1) objective factors: differences between objects and backgrounds; The active state of the object; A combination of objects and backgrounds. (2) Subjective factors: people's needs, interests, experience and emotional state 13. Briefly describe the law of sensitivity change: the adaptive phenomenon of sensation; Sensory interaction; Interaction of different analytical activities; Sensory interaction of the same analyzer; Changes in practice and sensibility. 14. What are the factors that affect the perceived integrity? (1) objective factors: the strength relationship of each part of the object; Dependence of each part of the object (2) Subjective factors: people's experience and knowledge level. 15, what is the reason for forgetting? Decline theory; It is the result of the gradual fading of memory traces over time. Interference theory; Forgetting is caused by the interference of other stimuli between learning and memory. At present, most psychologists believe that interference is the main reason. 16. Briefly describe the law of forgetting: the process of forgetting is unbalanced, and its law is fast first and then slow. 17. Briefly describe the process of memory: memory, retention, identification or reproduction. 18. What are the factors that affect recognition? (1) Degree of merging of original data; (2) Similarity between the currently presented materials and the previously remembered materials; (3) the similarity between the current environment and the environment in which things are remembered in the past. 19 Briefly describe the thinking process: (1) analysis and synthesis process (2) comparison and classification process (3) abstraction and generalization process (4) systematization and concretization process. 20. Briefly describe thinking quality: thinking quality refers to the performance of individual intellectual characteristics in thinking activities, that is, the differences between people in thinking activities (65433 (1) have different meanings; Reconstruction of imagination is a process of forming an image in the human brain according to text description or pattern instruction. Creative imagination is a process of creating new images independently in the mind, without following instructions. (2) The creativity of the two contents is different, and the creativity of recreating imagination is not as good as that of creating imagination. 22. What are the functions of emotions? Signal function, regulation function and infection function 23. What are the emotional characteristics of junior high school students? (1) The semi-exposed and semi-hidden features of emotions (2) Emotions and emotions are not stable enough, and there is obvious polarization (3) Advanced emotions develop rapidly. 24. What are the ways to adjust emotions? Rational regulation, transfer regulation and incentive regulation. 25. What is the quality of will? Conscious, decisive, persistent, self-control. 26. What are the characteristics of junior high school students' will? Close-range motivation is dominant, and the motivation of will action is easy to shake; Separation of saying and doing; The perseverance to overcome difficulties is gradually enhanced; (4) The characteristics of will quality: the contradictory state in which consciousness and naivety, independence and dependence coexist; The decisive quality is development, quick response and action, and reckless behavior; Self-control is enhanced, but the level of self-control is not high; Persistence is still immature, and behavior is easy to be anticlimactic and give up halfway. 27. What stages can the psychological process of will action be divided into? (1) Decision-making stage: It can be divided into three links, namely, motivation struggle, determination of goals, selection of action methods and formulation of action plans. (2) Implementation decision-making stage. 28. What are the characteristics of will action? Conscious purpose, based on random action, is associated with overcoming difficulties. 29. What are the basic characteristics of personality? Integrity, uniqueness, stability and social constraints of personality. Briefly describe the contents of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory: physiological needs, security needs, social communication needs, respect needs and self-realization needs. 3 1. Briefly describe the psychological structure of personality: the psychological structure of personality is the composition of personality. Personality is a multi-faceted and multi-level complex unity, which generally consists of the following three parts: (1) personality tendency (2) personality psychological characteristics (3) self-awareness. What are the factors that affect the formation and development of personality? There are two major factors: congenital factors and social environment. Social environment can be divided into three factors: social living conditions, education, personal social practice and personal subjective initiative. (1) Congenital factors are the natural premise of personality formation and development. (2) Social living conditions are the decisive factors of personality formation and development. (3) Education plays a leading role in the formation of personality. (4) Personal social practice and personal subjective initiative. 33. What is the relationship between ability and knowledge and skills? Ability is closely related to knowledge and skills. On the one hand, ability is formed and developed in the process of mastering knowledge and skills, so the development of ability cannot be separated from learning and training. On the other hand, the mastery of knowledge and skills is based on a certain ability and depends on the development of ability. Although ability is closely related to knowledge and skills, their development is not completely consistent. 34. What is the relationship between temperament and personality? Temperament and personality are closely related, integrated and influenced each other. Temperament is a dynamic feature of innate psychological activities, and personality is formed by acquired practice. (1) temperament can reflect the formation and development speed of personality. (2) Temperament can affect the performance of personality. (3) People with different temperament types can form the same personality characteristics, and people with the same temperament types can also form different personality characteristics. Personality will also affect temperament. Although temperament is a stable psychological characteristic, it is still influenced by acquired life practice and has undergone certain changes, among which personality characteristics can constrain some characteristics of temperament types. 35. Analyze the influence of personality formation according to the actual situation: Focus: (1) Family influence: the social status and living conditions of the family; Parents' personality, ideological style and expectations of their children; The way of family education. (2) school culture; Educational content: teachers' personality and thoughts; Student collective. (3) social influence (4) self-education. 36. Briefly describe the structural content of personality: personality characteristics of attitude towards reality; Emotional characteristics of personality; The will characteristics of personality; Cognitive characteristics of personality. What are the conditions for meaningful learning? (1) The objective condition of meaning learning: the logical meaning of learning materials. The logical meaning here means that the material itself can establish a substantive and non-artificial relationship with learners' related concepts. (2) Subjective conditions of meaningful learning: refers to the internal factors of learners. First of all, learners must have appropriate knowledge in their cognitive structure in order to connect with new knowledge. If the learning material itself has logical meaning and the learners' cognitive structure has a suitable knowledge base, then this learning material has potential significance for learners. Second, learners must have the intention of meaningful learning. The intention of meaningful learning refers to the tendency to actively connect the new knowledge represented by symbols with the original appropriate knowledge of learners' cognitive structure. 38. What are the factors that restrict learning interest? (1) Familiar and novel stimuli (2) Students have a pleasant emotional experience. Interest is accompanied by positive emotional experience, which can meet students' learning needs. Activities that produce positive emotional experiences such as pleasure and surprise are easy to arouse interest (3) Activities suitable for students' personality. Interest is subject to people's needs, abilities, temperament and personality. Personality is an important basis for students' interest development. Sense of responsibility and obligation. 39. What are the principles that should be followed in setting learning objectives? (1) Give up the distance and seek the near. That is, a learning task to be completed is immediate, not a goal pointing to the distant future. (2) Specific and clear. The specific learning purpose is based on observable behavior results. (3) it is not easy to blame. Moderate challenge. 40. What are the factors that affect problem solving? Objective factors: the way of stimulus presentation; The concreteness of the problem; Interference from unnecessary stimuli; Diversity of exercises. Subjective factors: cognitive structure; The role of stereotype; The level of intellectual development; Motivation intensity. 4 1. Why does learning migrate? The reason why learning transfer occurs generally depends on two conditions: (1) objective conditions, and there are * * * the same components between the two kinds of learning; (2) Subjective conditions, learners must be able to summarize the same components between the two kinds of learning. 42. What are the factors that affect the formation of moral character? There are many objective factors, including family, society and school. Subjective factors include intelligence level, education level and moral cognition level. 43. What are the reasons for students' bad moral character? Objective reasons: poor family education; Shortcomings and mistakes in school education; The adverse effects of social environment. Subjective reasons: lack of correct moral concept, driven by strong personal desire; Weak will, moral concepts can not overcome unreasonable needs; The role of bad behavior habits. 44. What are the basic psychological conflicts faced by middle school students? The contradiction between the rapid maturity of sexual development and the relative naivety of sexual psychology and the lack of sexual knowledge; Emotional excitement requires the release of hidden contradictions between external disclosure tendencies; The contradiction between the rapid improvement of self-awareness and the relatively slow maturity of society. 45. Briefly describe the basic characteristics of students' mental health: (1) Know yourself and affirm yourself (2) Face up to reality (3) Have good interpersonal relationships (4) Be good at controlling emotions and maintaining a good mood (5) Love life and be willing to work (6) Have normal intelligence and psychological and behavioral characteristics consistent with age characteristics. 46. What is the significance of students' mental health? (1) Mental health is an important condition for physical health. (2) Mental health is the guarantee to strengthen intellectual activities, promote intellectual development, improve social adaptability and work efficiency. (3) Mental health is the basis of forming excellent ideological and moral character. 47. What are the basic ideas and ways of mental health education in schools? (1) Guide students to consciously follow psychological laws and understand psychological health care methods; Establish a correct outlook on life. Accept "the real me". Take an active part in social activities and actively communicate with others. Actively participate in cultural and sports activities. (2) Provide necessary sex education for adolescent students; (3) Cultivate good interpersonal relationships; (4) Maintain a good emotional state; (5) Pay attention to mental health in teaching. What is the main content of mental health education in schools? (1) mental health education and prevention of psychological problems (2) psychological consultation (3) diagnostic student evaluation (4) behavior correction (5) study guidance (6) career guidance.