After the war, the Japanese economy was democratized by the occupying forces, which laid a brand-new foundation for its rapid development. This economic democratization refers to "the disintegration of chaebol", "agricultural land reform" and "labor reform".
On the other hand, as far as the industry is concerned. Since 1947, the "inclined production mode" has been adopted, and the material resources, financial resources and manpower are concentrated on the production of coal and steel. Since 1948, although Japan's economy has been accompanied by inflation, it has finally embarked on the track of economic recovery. In this period known as the "period of stability and panic", people are forced to save, and a large amount of funds flow into large enterprises. In this way, it helped the development of large enterprises, but it led to the closure of small and medium-sized enterprises, rising unemployment rate and intensified social unrest. At this time, the Korean War broke out in June, 1950. Due to the special needs of the war, Japan's production activities increased rapidly, and the real gross national product quickly recovered to the pre-war level of 195 1 year.
195 1 September signed a peace treaty, ending the occupation period. Then the Korean War came to an end, and the industry temporarily fell into a turbulent reverse recession. However, this is only a small breakthrough in the transition to high-speed economic development.
During the period of 10 from 1955, the real average growth rate of Japanese economy was 8%. For nearly1/4th century, Japan's economy continued to develop at the highest growth rate in the world. 1955, Japan's gross national product still ranked seventh among capitalist countries, but after 12, it jumped to second place in 1967. Japan, which used to be a "moderately developed country", is now called an "economic power".
There are many main reasons for the rapid development, which can be listed as follows:
1, post-war democratic reform.
2. Enterprises actively invest.
3. Rich and high-quality labor force.
4. High savings rate.
5. Actively introduce technology.
6. High quality education level.
7. Military expenditure is relatively light.
8, labor relations, social and political stability, etc.
Admittedly, in addition to the above reasons, people's ambition to "catch up with developed countries" cannot be ignored.
Second, science and technology are the primary productive forces.
Even in the feudal era before the first half of the19th century, Japanese nationals had a high enthusiasm for independent education. At that time, the samurai class was not only responsible for military tasks, but also for administrative affairs, so there were Francisco schools all over the country to impart knowledge to samurai children. There are 20,000 private schools for farmers and businessmen in China. This kind of private school is a free school, with no compulsory order and no fixed number of years. It is speculated that about 40% farmers and businessmen have studied it.
In Meiji era, with the process of Japan's modernization, the government established an education system from primary school to university in order to introduce western knowledge and develop industry and culture. 1872 promulgated the education system, which established the compulsory education system for the first time with the goal of "all the residents in the village and all the people who study at home". 1900 stipulates that you will receive four years of compulsory education from the age of six, and the attendance rate in this year will reach 90%. 1907 compulsory education was changed to six-year system, and the attendance rate reached an astonishing 99%!
Before 1940, 95 national universities were established in Japan, including Tokyo University, Kyoto University, Tohoku University, Kyushu University, Hokkaido University, Osaka University, Nagoya University and Nara Women's University. Established 34 public universities including Tokyo Metropolitan University and osaka city university; There are 33 1 private universities such as Keio University, Waseda University, sophia university, Kansai University and Kobe Women's College, among which 257 have graduate schools. Besides, there are 520 short-term universities.
Even when the Japanese empire was teetering at the end of World War II, Japan still refused college students to participate in the war, which shows its great protection for intellectual talents.
After the war, Japan still gave priority to the development of education. The earliest building built on the ruins was the school, and the number of private schools alone reached 65,438+10,000 to 200,000. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, there are 0.5 million primary school students and 2 million middle school students.
After the war, Japan vigorously developed science and technology, put limited funds into the development of science and technology, and took the following six projects as the goals of science and technology policy: (1) promoting the stable supply and conservation of resources; (2) solving environmental safety problems to maintain an ideal living environment; (3) Improve health care and medical conditions, and maintain and promote health; (4) Revitalizing pioneering and basic science and technology; (5) Cultivate technical strength and participate in international cooperation; (6) Revitalizing basic science. 1974, Japan fully implemented the liberalization policy in technology import. 1979, there were 60,000 computers in Japan. 1980, Japan spent about 4.6 trillion yen on scientific and technological research, and the number of people engaged in scientific and technological research was 390,000, second only to the Soviet Union and the United States. Japan has not only become a world-renowned economic power, but also a powerful country in science and technology.
On the other hand, in China, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, a large number of intellectuals were persecuted and a large number of talents were lost. In terms of education, even in today's China, the school attendance rate is only about 70%. How many students are still taking classes in dangerous houses?