The earliest forensic doctor in China was first seen in the Book of Rites: "It is fair to observe its injuries, its manufacture, its tools, its judgment and its imprisonment." Cai Yong's Note: "Skin injury, flesh wound, broken bone, broken flesh and blood." The examination and conviction of "Li Guan" can be regarded as the bud of forensic medicine in China. 1975 found that there are two books in the bamboo slips of Qin tomb in Shuihudi, namely "Legal Questions and Answers" and "Sealing Diagnosis", which recorded more forensic contents. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, we have accumulated experience in death and autopsy, determination of violent death, and bone drop test, and made some new achievements. The Collection of Suspected Prisons by Ning He and his son in the Five Dynasties is the earliest work with the nature of prison management in China. In Song Dynasty, Wu Ming's Internal Anger Collection and Closing Collection, Zheng Xingyi's Audit Form, Zheng Ke's Guide to Breaking Prison, and Gui Wanrong's Tangyin Bishi all have forensic discussions, but more contents are case records, not complete forensic works. However, these books paved the way for the birth of the collection of injustice. It was in these books that Song Ci summarized the achievements of forensic medicine and made new theoretical exploration and practice, which led to the compilation of unjust prison.
Song Ci (1168-1249) was born in Tongxunli, Jianyang County, Fujian Province. He was taught by Wu Zhimen, the "Kaodi" in the same city, and was deeply influenced by Zhu Kaoting School (also known as Fujian Studies). Learn the learning spirit of Neo-Confucianism, that is, learn from things and oppose practice; Always seek truth from facts and be pragmatic. Ten years in Jiading, Song Ningzong (12 17), scholar, owner of Xinfeng county, Jiangxi province. In the first year (12 18), he joined the army under Zheng Xing and was promoted to Changting County, Fujian Province for four years. In the first year of Jiaxi (1237), Shao Wujun passed the sentence; In the second year, Jia transferred to Nanjun to pass the sentence; In the third year, Jia became the Guangdong supervisor; The next year, he was transferred to Jiangxi prison and Ganzhou magistrate. This is his second time as a judicial prison officer. In the first year of Chun Hu (124 1), he served as Changzhou Army, and in the seventh year, Chun Hu served as the prefect of Hunan Criminal Prison in Zhimi Pavilion, taking charge of the judicial criminal prison for the third time. In eight years, Chun Hu went to Mo Bao Pavilion as the "overseer" of the Fourth Road, which was his fourth time in charge of justice. The following year, I went to Huangge to meet the ambassadors of Guangzhou and Guangdong. Chun Hu took office in Guangzhou for nine years (1249) and suddenly became dizzy. He died on March 7th, and was buried in Jianyang, Fujian on July 5th.
Song ci is honest, compassionate, fearless and decisive. In the career of more than 20 years, most of the time is related to prison. I know that "prison is not more important than opening up, opening up is not more important than first love, and first love is not more important than inspection". I think that inspection is the "right of entry and exit" of the whole case, and bending over and stretching is a waste of time, so I always review the case over and over again, "I dare not give birth to a little slow heart." If officials are found to be deceitful and clever, they must refute them; If doubts are not solved, they will think over and over again and never do it. Throughout Song Ci's life, he served as a magistrate, magistrate and other local officials for many times, served as a judicial supervisor for four times, performed post-mortem punishment, rehabilitated and punished corruption, and accumulated experience in forensic medicine. He began to sort out the experience of investigating corpses in the first year of Chunyou, and completed the compilation of Injustice Collection in the seventh year of Chunyou (1247).
The first edition of Injustice Collection has been lost, and now the earliest edition is the five-volume Injustice Collection published in Yuan Dynasty. The five-volume edition of Yuan Magazine preserved the contents of Song Yuanyuan's book. After the Yuan Dynasty, people who devoted themselves to forensic medicine made a lot of supplements to Yi Yuan Ji, enriching and perfecting the contents of medicine, but gradually lost the original appearance of Song Cizhi's book. In particular, the Qing Dynasty's Record of Legalists' Correction has been mixed with a lot of contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so we must pay attention to identification, and we can't write them all under the name of Song Ci.
Song Ciyuan's book consists of five volumes. The first volume is legal provisions, general inspection provisions and difficult inspection examples; The second volume is about the provisions of initial inspection and re-inspection, women's inspection, matters needing attention in the inspection of women's and babies' corpses, the decomposition of corpses, the washing of corpses, the inspection methods of buried corpses and decomposed corpses, etc. The third volume is to examine the bones and hang themselves, distinguishing between true and false hanging and true and false self-drowning; The fourth volume is a variety of killing, fire death, soup splashing death, virus inspection; The fifth volume is the autopsy of death row inmates, such as those who were killed by sticks, those who fell to death, those who collapsed, those who were gagged, those who were killed by lightning, those who were killed by tigers and so on. , with the method of cleaning dirt and first aid. It contains most of the contents of modern forensic medicine center. It is not a scattered recording method and examples, but a systematic exposition of forensic examination methods and findings in various death situations, which shows that it is the earliest systematic forensic affectation, and our modern forensic science is gradually developed on the basis of this book.
The Collection of Imprisonment in Song Dynasty is a forensic work that extensively summarizes the experience of corpse appearance inspection, and makes a lot of observations and scientific induction on the field inspection, corpse inspection, postmortem phenomena, suffocation and injury. He made outstanding contributions to forensic medicine. Including the occurrence mechanism and distribution of lividity; Classification, strangulation characteristics and influencing conditions of noose; Characteristics of strangulation and identification of hanging; Manifestations and influencing conditions of corruption; The relationship between postmortem phenomena and time of death; Drowning and seeing bodies stuffed with foreign bodies; The discovery of childbirth in a coffin; Differentiation of fractures before and after death; The injury characteristics of various knife wounds, the identification of death and homicide before and after death; Defensive injuries found. The above ten items can't cover all the contributions of Remedy Collection to forensic medicine. For example, the identification of fatal injury, the discovery of suffocating rose teeth, and the specific on-site inspection methods in various death situations such as unburied corpse, dismembered corpse, fire and sudden death are all important discoveries and practical applications of forensic medicine.
The Collection of Wrongful Cases is an epoch-making basic work in the history of forensic medicine in China. It not only inherited the results of previous forensic autopsies, but also became the originator of later forensic books, and was also recognized as the first systematic forensic work in the world. Perl, the founder of European forensic medicine, wrote the Manual of Surgery in 1575 and began to discuss forensic injuries. 1598 (1602), Italy's Fidry published the Doctor's Report, which is the first systematic forensic work in Europe. The former is 35 1 year later than the unjust collection. Injustice Collection has been translated into Japanese, French, English, Dutch, German, Russian and other languages, which has made great contributions to world forensic medicine and won lofty honors for the motherland.