The matter of the same book flat chapter is called flat chapter for short, which was first used in Emperor Taizong. Since the first year of Emperor Gaozong Yongchun (A.D. 682), the person who actually served as prime minister may have the same name as the Pingzhang official under the Zhongshu School. Others say that it is the same as the flat chapter. Zhongshu and Menxia provinces are government affairs centers, which negotiate with Zhongshu and Menxia to handle government affairs. It was still the title of prime minister in the early Song Dynasty, and it was abolished when Yuanfeng was restructured. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, the main road was abandoned again. In the Five Dynasties, although the prime minister was Menping, the Tang envoy was deprived of his power. In the early Song Dynasty, the title of prime minister followed the Tang system, which was called the same chapter in the book. Historical Evolution In the early Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province comprehensively managed government affairs. Zhongshu and Menxia provinces are located in the palace and are particularly confidential, so they are often called together. The governors of the three provinces (Zhong Shuling, Shi Zhong, Shang Shu's left and right servants) are also prime ministers. The yamen of the Prime Minister's deliberation was first located in Menxia Province, and then moved to Zhongshu Province. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the governors of the three provinces as ex officio prime ministers, the emperor also instructed other officials to participate in state affairs secrets. Those with lower ranks are also called prime ministers, and their titles are "three things in the same book" or "things in the same book" (renamed "three things in the same phoenix pavilion" or "things in the same phoenix pavilion" in the Wu Dynasty). "The same product" is because the officials and assistants in charge of the secretariat are all officials with the same product, and this title is added to show that they enjoy the same rights and treatment as the officials and assistants in charge of the secretariat. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Li Ji was the third product of the prince of the exhibition room and the Chinese book, which was the first time that this figure appeared. Later, this title was used as a symbol of political participation. Although the rank is higher than the three products, you have to add this title to become a prime minister. "Pingzhang" means identification, discrimination and extension to judgment. The person who got this title was a non-secretariat official who actually served as prime minister in the Tang Dynasty. Zhenguan had a history of four years (630), and Dai Zhou was an official with Shangshu of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. In eight years, Li Jing, the left servant, resigned due to illness, and ordered him to recuperate slightly, and went to Zhongshumen for his post on the third or second day. These are the early records of the appearance of this title. In the first year of Zong Yongchun (682), Pingzhang, who was sent by the same school of books, became the title of a politician under the four categories, ranking below the "same three categories". "The same three products" and "the same flat chapter" are all dispatches, and there is no hierarchy in themselves. The person who holds this position will also serve as a career official street. All officials with more than five grades can be appointed by the emperor, and there is no qualification restriction, which is convenient for the emperor to choose cronies from middle-level officials to decentralize. The appellation of "Tongsanpin" was most frequently used in the periods of Gaozong, Wuhou and Zhongzong, but gradually decreased in Xuanzong. In the second year of Su Zong's stay in Germany (757), Li Lin was knighted for the last time. "Tongping Zhang Shi" has gradually increased since Yongchun, and has become the only title for other officials to understand politics since the first year of Su Zonggan Yuan (758). Among the governors of the three provinces as ex officio prime ministers, the power of ministers' servants began to weaken in the last years of Zhenguan, and was completely excluded from the ranks of prime ministers by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, officials and assistants in charge of the secretariat often gave titles to the founding fathers and generals, which gradually became empty titles. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the real prime minister was "a matter of making peace under the same book". In addition, working in the secretariat, in the book, or in the same chapter is also a kind of empty job, called making. Although "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" is usually selected from five or more officials, when filling this position, most of them will become assistant ministers in Chinese books or under the door. This is because Zhongshu and Yamen have always been the central institutions of the government. Song Dynasty The time envoy of Song Dynasty added a post like Peace Chapter, which was only a nominal post, not a real one. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty: Records of Hundred Officials": "Emperor Taizong tasted being an official, but the generals were afraid to perform their duties. Therefore, the servant shot is the governor of Shangshu Province, the prime minister of Sejong (governor of Xiamen Province) and Zhongshuling (governor of Zhongshu Province). Because of his high taste, he didn't want to impress others, so he often used his official position as prime minister, but under the guise of his own name ...... eight years of chastity. "Pingzhangshi" enters the title and starts from waiting for it. Naturally, the world of the Tang Dynasty cannot be changed in the future. " Song History Official History I: "The Song Dynasty inherited the Tang Dynasty system, taking the things in the same chapter as true and being impermanent;" If there are two people, they will know each other every day. Take Cheng and Lang to the third class. " Biography of Zhang Jun: "During the five years in Shaoxing, besides the right servant of Shangshu, I also knew about the Privy Council." Shangshu Province in the Jin Dynasty and Zhongshu Province and Shangshu Province in the Yuan Dynasty all set up flat chapters, which were under the prime ministers of the two provinces. In the Northern Song Dynasty, officials were in charge of political affairs and knew the affairs of the Privy Council (or Tang envoys), which were called "two houses" or "two places". In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Zongshen reformed the official system, with left servant shooting and assistant minister under the door as prime ministers. In the future, except for the period of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no more peace with Zhongshu. Shangshu Province in the Jin Dynasty and Zhongshu Province and Shangshu Province in the Yuan Dynasty all set up flat chapters, which were under the prime ministers of the two provinces. In order to weaken the relative rights, Song Taizu intends to put Tong Pingzhang in charge of administration, and its yamen is called "the yamen under the book door". In the Northern Song Dynasty, officials were in charge of political affairs and knew the affairs of the Privy Council (or Tang envoys), which were called "two houses" or "two places". Du Zhi, Yantie and Hubu are in charge of finance; Shangshu Province and Menxia Province declined in Song Dynasty, and the power of prime minister was slightly less than that of Tang Dynasty. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Zongshen reformed the official system, with left servant shooting and assistant minister under the door as prime ministers. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, apart from the Song Xiaozong period, there was no longer the problem of sharing the same chapter with the Chinese book. Tong Pingzhang's post is over. In the Tang Dynasty, the official books of the two provinces were called "Photographing People" and "Each Middle School". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, cabinet university students were called cabinet elders. Pavilion has always been a popular title for cabinet officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system and concentrated his power on the emperor. There is also the cabinet, which is actually only the secretary institution for the emperor to consult and draft imperial edicts, and has no decision-making power. Xuanzong died young at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and Yingzong was still young when he ascended the throne, so the cabinet minister "Sanyang" and the Empress Dowager * * jointly ruled, and the powers of the cabinet were expanded accordingly. After the death of Ming Wuzong, there was no heir, and the throne was inherited by his brother (namely Jiajing of Ming Shizong). At this time, the power of the cabinet was balanced with the power of the emperor, while the cabinet ministers became zaifu in name only. During the reign of God, Zhang's authority was the highest in the next generation. There are many ministers (usually three or four), but they are called "first assistant" and "second assistant", and their powers are correspondingly different. In the early years of Wanli, Zhang Ruhui took charge of the whole world, and his position was actually equivalent to that of "one person below and ten thousand people above" in the Tang and Song Dynasties, or even worse. Other officials who are also cabinet ministers are also called cabinet elders, but they are only formal. In the Qing dynasty, there were many changes in the cabinet system, and there were some differences in terms of appellation, but entering the cabinet was actually a ritual. Only then was it gradually replaced by the military service and became a real decision-making body.