Known as "the originator of western anthropology" and "the father of mankind", Professor Brumenmacher of the University of G? ttingen, Germany, first used scientific methods to classify. According to the physical characteristics such as skin color, hair color and hairstyle, eyes, height and head shape, and birthplace, he divided modern humans into five major races:
(1) Caucasian race (white). The skin is white, the hair is chestnut, the head is almost spherical, the face is oval and vertical, and the nose is very narrow. Residents of Europe, West Asia and North Africa all belong to it, except Finns and Laplanders.
② Mongolian race (yellow race). Yellow skin, straight black hair, square head, flat face, small nose, protruding cheekbones and narrow eyes. Asians outside West Asia and Inuit, Lapland and Finns in the north all belong to it, but not Malays.
(3) African race (black). Black skin, black and curved hair, long and narrow head, prominent cheekbones, prominent eyeballs, thick nose and thick lips, and most people have splayed feet. Except for northern Africans, all other Africans belong to it.
(4) American race (red race). The skin is copper, the hair is black and straight, the eyeball is sunken, the nose is tall and wide, and the cheekbones are prominent. Except Inuit, other Native Americans belong to it.
⑤ Malay race (brown race). Yellow-brown skin, dark and atrophic hair, medium narrow head, wide nose and big mouth. The inhabitants of Pacific islands and Malay Peninsula belong to it.
American scientist S·M· Chang En, after 10 years of deliberation and investigation, thinks that there are 9 geographical races in the world and 32 regional races are divided.
1. American Indian species
Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans, it started from Alaska in the north and reached the southern tip of South America in the south, including the original inhabitants of North and South America. They are scattered in remote areas, mainly hunting, gathering or semi-agriculture, with a small population and often completely independent in heredity. It is characterized by brown skin, thick black hair, shovel-shaped front teeth, prominent cheekbones, prominent nose and sparse body hair. In ABO blood group series, O type and B type appear frequently, which are obviously different from the blood groups of related Asian geographical races.
2. Polynesian race
Refers to people distributed in the vast area of the eastern Pacific from Hawaii and Polynesia to New Zealand.
3. Melanesian-Papuans
Refers to the brown, wide nose, straight or curly black hair and little body hair distributed in New Guinea, Fiji Islands and the west. In ABO blood group series, type B appears less frequently.
People from other Pacific islands. It is characterized by dark brown skin, round head, curly hair, developed eyebrow ridge, hooked nose tip and narrow scapula.
4. Australian race
Refers to the original population distributed in Australia before the arrival of Europeans. It is characterized by brown skin, wavy or curly hair, linear body shape, large teeth, obvious eyebrow ridge, prominent jaw and medium concentration of body hair. In ABO blood group series, the frequency of B type is very low.
5. Asian geographical races
Mainly refers to the races distributed in the Asian continent, and even Japan, the Philippines, Sumatra, Borneo Islands and other places, also known as Mongolian geographical races. It is characterized by light yellow skin, black and straight hair, sparse beard and hair, flat face, high cheekbones, wavy Mongolian folds in eyelids, and high frequency of B type in ABO blood group.
6. Geographical races in India
Refers to people in South Asia, from the southern foothills of the Himalayas to the hot Indian Ocean. It is characterized by shallow to deep skin from north to south, blue eyes, black or yellow hair and straight wavy hair. In ABO blood group series, the frequency of type B is higher, which is different from European geographical races, but similar to Asian geographical races.
7. European species
Including several regional races distributed in Europe, and some white races scattered in West Asia, North Africa and West Africa, also known as Caucasian regional races. It is characterized by light skin color, narrow nose, straight or wavy hair, golden yellow or brown black, thin lips, dense body hair, and particularly developed beard and cheek hair. The frequency of male baldness is very high. In ABO blood group series, A2 blood group is often mixed, and Rn type appears frequently.
8. People of African descent
Refers to several geographical races distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, also known as black geographical races. It is characterized by black to dark brown skin, short curly hair, thick everted lips, short and wide nose, prominent chin and sparse body hair. In the Rn blood group series, R0 type appears frequently, and there are often sickle blood cells that are relatively immune to malaria in the body.
9. Micronesians
Refers to people distributed in Micronesia and some islands in the western Pacific. It is characterized by short stature, dark skin color and coat color, long head shape, wavy and spiral hair and hairy body surface. The frequency of blood group is similar to Polynesian race, but the frequency of type B is higher.
Chang En's classification of nine geographical races is simple and easy to remember, which is more in line with the objective reality, so it has been paid attention to and recognized by academic circles.