Summary of the universe [1]
The universe is a unity composed of space, time, matter and energy. It is the synthesis of all space and time. Generally speaking, the universe refers to a space-time continuous system in which we exist, including all the matter, energy and events in it.
The universe is the general name of all things, and it is the unity of time and space. The universe is a material world, which exists objectively regardless of human will and is in constant movement and development. The universe is diverse and unified. It includes everything and is the unity of all time and space. There is no time and space, nothing. So it contains everything.
Hierarchical understanding of the universe
From a philosophical point of view. People think that the universe has no beginning, no end and no end. However, we are not going to discuss this abstruse concept in depth, so let's leave it to philosophers to study. We might as well squint and use our existing science and technology to talk about the universe that we can understand and observe. People call it "our universe" or "total galaxy".
According to the latest observation data, the farthest galaxy observed by people is 65.438+0.3 billion light years. That is to say, if a beam of light is emitted from a galaxy at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second, it will take 654.38+03 billion years to reach the earth, which is of course 654.38+03 billion years ago. This distance of 65.438+0.3 billion light years is the universe we know today (2009). More specifically, the universe as we know it today, or its size, is a spherical space with the earth as the center and the distance of 65.438+0.3 billion light years as the radius. Of course, the earth is not really the center of the universe, and the universe is not necessarily a sphere. It's just limited to our current observation ability, and we can only know this extent.
In this spherical space with a radius of1300 million light years, there are about1250 million galaxies that have been discovered and observed, and each galaxy has dozens to trillions of sun-like stars. So as long as you do a simple math problem, it is not difficult for you to know how many stars there are in the universe we have observed. In such a vast universe, the earth is really a drop in the ocean and insignificant.
Astronomers have always wondered how big the universe is, just like us. Recently, the American Space Network reported that after hard calculation, astronomers found that the universe is extremely huge, with a length of at least 65.438+056 billion light years. "Such a discovery about the size of the universe is obviously based on the premise that the universe is spherical and limited. This assumption was first put forward by Einstein. " Daming Chen, a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatory of China, said in an exclusive interview with reporters, "For a long time, there has been such a debate in the field of cosmology, whether the universe is spherical, saddle-shaped or flat." Zhang Yue, an associate professor at Beijing Normal University, said: "The international mainstream cosmology generally believes that the universe is flat and infinite." So, where does the debate around the universe come from? What makes sense? The most common view is that after the Big Bang, the universe was born. "According to the most influential Big Bang theory in modern cosmology, our universe was produced by a very small point explosion about 65.438+0.37 billion years ago, and the universe is still expanding." Researcher Daming Chen said, "This theory has been confirmed by a large number of astronomical observations." This theory holds that in the early days of the birth of the universe, the temperature was very high. With the expansion of the universe, the temperature began to drop, producing neutrons, protons and electrons. Since then, these elementary particles have formed various elements. These particles attract and fuse with each other, forming larger and larger clumps, and gradually evolving into galaxies, stars and planets. Life phenomena have appeared on individual celestial bodies, and finally human beings who can understand the universe have been born. Is the universe spherical and finite? "The idea that the universe is spherical has existed for a long time, although it is not the mainstream of the international cosmology community." Daming Chen said, "Every time it is mentioned, it will attract people's attention, because this view is very strange." One of the most obvious examples is the universe model established by American mathematician Jeffrey Wilkes not long ago: a mirror maze of limited size, shaped like a football. The model of "shaped like a football" shocked the scientific community, because this theory claimed that the universe produces an "illusion" without boundaries because this limited space reflects itself endlessly through the "circle" effect. Wilkes believes that people think that the universe is infinite because the universe is like a mirror maze, and light shuttles back and forth, giving people the illusion that the universe is infinitely extended. This amazing inference was later included in New Scientist magazine and widely circulated among the people as a kind of "strange talk".
The word universe includes: everything in the world.
If there is another universe in this world,
Then the word universe can't include: everything in the world.
So this is a contradiction.
In fact, the parallel universe/multiverse describes "different time and space"
Or: there may be different time and space in this universe, but there is no different universe (because it has fundamental contradiction with the concept of the universe)
So the most accurate description should be: this universe may have many parallel spacetimes.
From the Complete Works of Civilization X Archives [Edit this paragraph] Cosmic Ecology
If any moment is unfolded to form a time slice (on which everything in the universe is mapped)
Then in this time slice, all substances from low to high are continuous.
Atomic weight from small to large, intelligence from small to large, and age from small to large are continuous.
And: low-level substances are always more than high-level substances, and they are developing towards high-level.
The whole natural civilization calls the strange phenomenon that this substance persists as cosmic ecology.
The reason for the guess:
1. High-level existence needs low-level existence to maintain existence.
2. The survivability of existence determines that everything in nature is developing in the direction of "better existence". If it needs to exist better in different environments, it will inevitably lead to evolution, that is, the low-level existence is developing in the direction of advanced (it can exist as a whole in more environments).
The development of the concept of the universe
In ancient times, people's understanding of the structure of the universe was in a very naive state, and they usually made naive speculations about the structure of the universe according to their living environment. During the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, people living on the land of China put forward the early theory of covering the sky, thinking that the sky was like a pot, lying on the flat ground; Later, it developed into the later theory of covering the sky, which believed that the shape of the earth was also arched. In the 7th century BC, Babylonians believed that the sky and the earth were arched, with the ocean around the earth and the mountains in the center. The ancient Egyptians imagined the universe as a big box, with the sky as the lid, the earth as the bottom and the Nile as the center of the earth. The ancient Indians imagined that the disc-shaped earth was thrown on several elephants, and the elephants stood on the backs of huge turtles. At the end of the 7th century BC, Thales in ancient Greece thought that the earth was a huge disk floating on the water, covered with an arched sky. There are also some people who think that the earth is just a deck on the tortoise, and the tortoise stands on one turtle tower after another. ...
The origin of the universe
The so-called big bang theory is simply that the universe was formed by a fireball exploding at the beginning. Modern scientific research has found that the universe is not eternal, but constantly expanding. The imbalance of the universe was first discovered by a German doctor. When he observed the stars in the night sky, he found that the distance between each planet was not close due to gravity. Then, there must be another force between the stars that counteracts their gravity. He assumed that this phenomenon was the expansion of the universe.
Later, scientists discovered the phenomenon of red shift, that is, the light emitted by distant planets to the earth is mostly red, while the light at close range is mainly purple light. This shows that the planet is far from the earth. Then Einstein put forward the general theory of relativity, and he put forward the theory that acceleration is not equal to zero, which includes the theory of cosmic expansion. 193 1 year, American astronomers discovered with advanced astronomical telescopes that there are many galaxies outside the Milky Way, and they are constantly expanding, which confirms the theory of cosmic expansion.
In the 1940s, scientists predicted that the universe was created by the Big Bang, so there must be some residue left in space after the explosion. This legacy is the electron wave (radiation wave), which represents the temperature of about 273 degrees below zero. This assumption was not confirmed at that time. In 1960s, when scientists in Bell Laboratories set up antennas for telecommunication research, they found that they kept hearing noise, and the temperature represented by this noise was about 260 degrees below zero. At the same time, physicists at Princeton University are also looking for the aftermath of the Big Bang in theory. Later, the working and research groups jointly stated that the noise received by this antenna was the aftermath of BIGBANG, and its temperature was about 270 degrees below zero. This publication confirms BIGBANG's theory.
The idea that the Big Bang started the universe needs further verification, because no one can explain how the universe remained so orderly after the Big Bang. We can only confirm that the universe was created, not evolved. The universe is expanding, but other theories have yet to be proved.
Philosophical analysis of the concept of the universe
Some cosmologists believe that our universe is the only universe; The Big Bang didn't explode at any point in space, but the whole universe itself. However, the newly proposed inflation model shows that our universe is only a very small part of the whole inflation region, and the regional scale after inflation is greater than10.26 cm, while our universe was only 10 cm at that time. It is also possible that this skyrocketing region is part of a larger material system starting from a chaotic state. This situation is just like the expansion of human understanding from the solar system universe to the galaxy universe and then to the large-scale universe in the history of science. Today's science is trying to push human understanding further to explore the "skyrocketing universe" and the "irregular chaotic universe". Our universe is not the only universe, but a part of a larger material system. The Big Bang was not an explosion of the whole universe itself, but an explosion of a part of that larger material system. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between philosophy and natural science. The philosophical concept of the universe reflects the infinitely diverse and constantly developing material world; The concept of the universe in natural science involves the largest celestial system observed by human beings in a certain era. The two concepts of the universe are general and individual. With the development of the concept of the universe in natural science, people's understanding of the infinite universe will gradually deepen and approach. A clear understanding of the differences and connections between these two concepts of the universe is of positive significance for upholding the Marxist theory of infinite universe and opposing the theory of finite universe, creationism, mechanism, agnosticism, philosophical substitution and cancellation.
1980 proposed the skyrocketing universe model, which is a supplement to the thermal big bang universe model. It believes that in the very early days of the universe, it experienced the early inflation stage of about 10 -36 seconds after the birth of our universe, and it experienced the inflation stage of about 10 -36 seconds after the birth of our universe.
It was the ancient Greeks who first realized that the earth was spherical. In the 6th century BC, Pythagoras thought that the most beautiful three-dimensional figure was spherical from an aesthetic point of view, and advocated that celestial bodies and the earth where we live were both spherical. This concept was later inherited by many ancient Greek scholars, but it was not until 15 19 ~ 1522 that F. Magellan of Portugal led the expedition to complete the first round-the-world voyage that the concept that the earth was spherical was finally confirmed.
In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy put forward a complete geocentric theory. According to this theory, the earth is stationary at the center of the universe, and the moon, sun, planets and outermost stars are all rotating around the earth at different speeds. In order to explain the unevenness of planetary motion, he also thinks that the planet rotates around its center in this round, and the center of this round rotates around the earth along a uniform wheel. Geocentric theory has been circulating in Europe for 1000 years. 1543, N. Copernicus put forward the scientific Heliocentrism, thinking that the sun is located in the center of the universe and the earth is an ordinary planet, orbiting the sun in a circular orbit. It was not until16th century that Copernicus established the Heliocentrism that it was generally recognized that the earth is one of the planets revolving around the sun, and the eight planets including the earth constitute the main members of the planetary system revolving around the sun-the solar system. 1609, J. Kepler revealed that the earth and planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, which developed the Heliocentrism of Copernicus. In the same year, Galileo Galilei took the lead in observing the sky with a telescope, and confirmed the correctness of Heliocentrism with a large number of observation facts. 1687, I Newton put forward the law of universal gravitation, which profoundly revealed the mechanical reasons for the motion of planets around the sun and gave Heliocentrism a solid mechanical foundation. After that, people gradually established the scientific concept of the solar system.
In Copernicus's image of the universe, the stars are just the light spots in the outermost starry sky. 1584, Giordano Bruno boldly canceled this layer of star sky and thought that the star was a distant sun. /kloc-in the first half of the 8th century, Bruno's speculation was recognized by more and more people because of E Harley's self-development of stars and J Bradley's scientific estimation of the distant distance of stars. /kloc-in the mid-8th century, T. Wright, I. Kant and J. H. Lambert speculated that the stars and galaxies covered all day constituted a huge celestial system. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel first used the method of sampling statistics to count the number of stars in a large number of selected areas in the sky and the ratio of bright stars to dark stars with a telescope. 1785, he obtained for the first time a flat structural map of the Milky Way with uneven outline and the sun as the center, thus laying the foundation for the concept of the Milky Way. In the next century and a half, after H. shapley discovered that the sun was not in the center of the Milky Way, J. H. Oort discovered the rotation and spiral arms of the Milky Way, and many people measured the diameter and thickness of the Milky Way, the scientific concept of the Milky Way was finally established.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, Kant and others also proposed that there are countless celestial bodies like us (referring to the Milky Way) in the whole universe. The "nebula" that looked like a cloud at that time was probably such a celestial system. Since then, it has experienced a tortuous exploration process of 170 years. It was not until 1924 that E.P. Hubble measured the distance of the Andromeda nebula with Cepheid parallax method, which confirmed the existence of extragalactic galaxies.
Over the past half century, through the study of extragalactic galaxies, people have not only discovered higher-level celestial systems such as galaxy clusters and superclusters, but also expanded our horizons to the depths of the universe as far as 20 billion light years.
The concept of the evolution of the universe was developed in China. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Huai Nan Zi Zhen Xun pointed out: "There is a beginning and an end, a beginning and an end, and a husband has a beginning." It believes that the world has its opening time, its pre-opening period and its pre-opening period. Huai Nan Zi Tian Zi Xun also specifically outlines the process of the world from intangible material state to chaotic state and then to the generation and evolution of all things in the world. Ancient Greece also had a similar view. For example, leucippus suggested that due to the rotating motion of atoms in a vacuum, light matter escaped into outer space, while the rest of the matter constituted spherical celestial bodies, thus forming our world.
After the concept of the solar system was established, people began to explore the origin of the solar system from a scientific point of view. 1644, R. Descartes proposed the vortex theory of the origin of the solar system; 1745, G.L.L Buffon put forward a theory of the origin of the solar system, which was caused by the collision between the great comet and the sun. 1755 and 1796, respectively, Kant and Laplace put forward the nebula theory of the origin of the solar system. The modern new nebula theory to explore the origin of the solar system is developed on the basis of Kant-Laplace nebula theory.
19 1 1 year, E. hertzsprung established the first color magnitude map of the cluster; 19 13, Bertrand? Arthur. William? Russell drew the spectrum-luminosity diagram of the star, which is also the Herro diagram. After obtaining this star map, Russell put forward the star evolution theory that stars start from red giants, first shrink to the main sequence, then slide down along the main sequence, and finally become red dwarfs. 1924, arthur stanley eddington proposed the mass-luminosity relationship of stars; From 1937 to 1939, C. F. weizsacker and Bate revealed that the energy of stars comes from the nuclear reaction of hydrogen fusing into helium. These two discoveries led to the denial of Russell's theory and the birth of the scientific theory of star evolution. The study of the origin of galaxies started late. At present, it is generally believed that it evolved from primitive galaxies in the late stage of the formation of our universe.
19 17, A. Albert Einstein established a "static, finite and unbounded" model of the universe by using his newly established general theory of relativity, which laid the foundation of modern cosmology. 1922, G.D. Friedman discovered that according to Albert Einstein's field equation, the universe is not necessarily static, it can be either expanding or oscillating. The former corresponds to the open universe, while the latter corresponds to the closed universe. 1927, Lemaistre also proposed an expanding universe model. 1929, Hubble discovered that the redshift of galaxies is directly proportional to their distance, and established the famous Hubble law. This discovery is a strong support for the expansion model of the universe. In the mid-20th century, G.