2. Basic physiological characteristics of human body: metabolism, excitability, stress and adaptability.
The body and all living tissues have the ability to respond to changes in surrounding environmental conditions. This ability and characteristic is called stress. Environmental changes that can cause reactions are called stimuli.
3. Neuroregulation is characterized by rapidity and accuracy; Humoral regulation is characterized by slow, extensive and lasting effects.
Body fluid regulation: Some cells of the body produce some special chemicals, including hormones secreted by various endocrine glands, which are sent to some organs and tissues through extracellular fluid or blood circulation, thus causing unique reactions and regulating important functions of the human body such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction and adaptation to muscle activities.
4. Feedback is divided into positive feedback and negative feedback.
5. Physiological characteristics of muscle: excitability, contractility and conductivity.
6. Stimulating conditions that cause excitement: a. Stimulating intensity; B. the rate of change of stimulus intensity; C. stimulating action time.
7. Duration: Lapicque, a French physiologist, proposed that the shortest time required to stimulate tissues with twice the basic intensity should be used as an index to measure excitability. Lapicque called this special time duration. The duration of flexor is shorter than that of extensor.
8. "With or without" phenomenon: subthreshold stimulation of a single muscle fiber cannot cause contraction; If threshold stimulation is used, it can cause contraction, but if stimulation is increased (above threshold stimulation), the contraction amplitude of muscle fibers will not increase. This phenomenon is called "nothing" phenomenon.
9. Jump conduction: In the myelinated fiber, the local current between the excited and static potential parts makes it strongly depolarized through the adjacent Langerhans junctions, so one Langerhans junction in the myelinated fiber is always excited and then stimulates the next Langerhans junction, which is jump conduction.
10. Excitement-contraction coupling: the transmission process of excitement from nerve to muscle. Neuromuscular transmission: motor nerve endings depolarize, change the permeability of nerve membrane, make Ca enter the endings, lead to the rupture of synaptic vesicles and release Ach. Ach diffuses through synaptic cleft and binds to receptor (R) on the terminal membrane, forming R-Ach complex. R-Ach depolarizes the terminal membrane and produces endplate potential (EPP)-(EPP), which acts on muscles when it reaches a certain threshold.
1 1. The excitation-contraction process of muscle fibers: a. The potential change of muscle membrane triggers muscle contraction, that is, excitation-contraction coupling. The movement of the transverse bridge causes the myofilament to slide. C. relaxation after muscle contraction.
12. The process of single uterine contraction: incubation period, shortening period and remission period.
13. Tonic contraction: The phenomenon that muscles are continuously shortened due to a series of stimuli is called tonic contraction.
14. Classification of muscle fibers: fast muscle fibers (white muscle fibers) and slow muscle fibers (red muscle fibers).
15. The percentage of muscle fibers in different sports: fast muscle fibers account for 70% in sprint, slow muscle fibers account for 70% in long-distance running, and middle-distance running is in between.
16. the effect of exercise on muscle fibers: a. selective hypertrophy of muscle fibers (endurance events cause selective hypertrophy of slow muscle fibers; Speed-explosive force causes selective hypertrophy of fast muscle fibers); B. the enzyme activity in muscle fibers is enhanced; C. changes in percentage composition of muscle fiber types.
17. Function of blood: The function of blood is completed through the circulatory system.
A. keep the internal environment relatively stable; B. the role of transportation; C. regulatory role; D. defense and protection.
18. Osmotic pressure: the force that the solution promotes the diffusion of water molecules from the low concentration side to the high concentration side through the semi-permeable membrane, which is called osmotic attraction. The size depends on the number of solute molecules or particles per unit volume of solution.
19. Isotonic solution: A solution very similar to the normal osmotic pressure of plasma is called isotonic solution.
20. Normal plasma PH is 7.35-7.45, with an average of 7.4.
2 1. Functions of red blood cells (hemoglobin): a. Transport gases O2 and CO2b. Buffer blood ph value.
22. Hemoglobin content: male12-15g; Female 1 1- 14g%.
23. Sports anemia: During the training period (especially in the early stage of training) or during the competition, the number of Hb red blood cells decreases, resulting in temporary anemia, which is called sports anemia.
Causes: A. Increased destruction of red blood cells; Protein's supplement is insufficient; C. anemia caused by iron deficiency.
Prevention: Adjust energy and momentum or supplement enough protein and iron.
24. Syncytium: Although there are boundaries between muscle cells, exciting waves can easily spread between them, and they act like a single cell, which is called "syncytium" in physiology.
25. Physiological characteristics of myocardium: automatic rhythm, conductivity, excitability and contractility.
26. Characteristics of myocardial cell contraction: a. It is obviously dependent on the concentration of Ca in extracellular fluid; B. all or no synchronous contraction; C. tension contraction does not occur.
27. Heart rate: the number of heartbeats per minute is between 60- 100 when it is normal and quiet.
28. ECG waveform and its significance: P, R, S, T.
P-wave represents the electrical changes produced when the left and right atria are depolarized.
P-R(R-Q) period: indicates the time required from atrial depolarization to ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex represents the electrical changes caused by the sequential excitation and depolarization of left and right ventricles.
S-T segment indicates that ventricular depolarization is completed, repolarization has not yet started, and there is no potential difference between each part.
T wave represents the electrical changes during ventricular repolarization.
Q-T indicates the time it takes for the ventricle to start exciting and depolarization to complete repolarization.
Electrocardiogram only reflects the bioelectric changes during the generation, conduction and recovery of cardiac excitement, only reflects the excitability of myocardium, and does not reflect the mechanical contraction process of myocardium.