Mortar is a kind of high-angle arc gun, and its seat plate bears recoil. Tail bombs are usually fired. Its main features are: short barrel, simple structure, light weight and convenient movement, which is suitable for various terrain operations; The muzzle velocity is small, the shooting angle is large (generally 45-85 degrees), and the trajectory curve is suitable for shooting targets behind bunkers and horizontal targets. Mainly equipped with anti-personnel explosive grenades, used to suppress and annihilate the enemy's effective forces and technical weapons, and destroy obstacles such as barbed wire; It can also be used with special artillery shells such as flares and smoke bombs to complete various combat tasks. According to the loading mode, it is divided into front loading type and rear loading type; According to the structure of gun bore, it is divided into sliding bore type and line bore type; According to the mode of exercise, it can be divided into backpack, backpack, traction and self-propelled; According to the caliber, it can be divided into light, medium and heavy categories. The light one is generally 50,5160 mm caliber, and the whole gun weighs less than 20 kg, mainly equipped with infantry. In combat, it is usually carried by a single soldier, or broken down into several parts, carried by many people or carried by livestock; Medium-sized guns are generally 8 1, 82 mm caliber, and the whole gun weighs about 40 kg, which can be broken down into several parts for handling. Heavy general caliber is greater than 100 mm, and the weight of the whole gun is greater than 100 kg. It is towed by the vehicle or propelled by itself. A pursuit gun usually consists of a gun body, a gun rack, a base plate and a sight. When fighting, the gun pestle at the tail of the gun body is placed in the mortar of the seat plate. When the trigger is fired, the striker protrudes, reloads from the muzzle, slides down the striker and fires the primer; When firing, the firing pin retracts, and after the shell enters the chamber, the hammer of the firing machine hits the firing pin to fire the primer. When launching, the recoil force of the gun body is transmitted to the ground through the seat plate, and the recoil energy is absorbed by the deformation of the soil, which limits the recoil movement.

2. cannon

The cannon is a kind of artillery with low trajectory, which belongs to one of the main types of ground artillery. Mainly used for shooting armored targets, vertical targets and long-range targets. For armored targets and vertical targets, direct aiming shooting is often used; For long-range targets, indirect aiming shooting is adopted. It is mainly composed of gun body, gun rack and aiming device. Its main features are long barrel (generally 40-80 times the caliber), high muzzle velocity (generally above 700m/s) and long range (for example, the maximum range of152-155mm cannon can reach 22-35km). According to its caliber, it can be divided into small caliber cannon (within 75mm), medium caliber cannon (76- 130mm) and large caliber cannon (130mm or more). According to the movement mode and structure, it can be divided into four types: traction type, self-propelled, self-propelled and backpack type (installed on tanks, planes and ships). Anti-tank guns, tank guns, anti-aircraft guns, aviation guns, naval guns and coastal guns are also types of artillery. The types of bombs used are anti-personnel grenades, explosive grenades, anti-personnel explosive grenades, armor-piercing projectiles, shell-piercing projectiles, armor-piercing projectiles and incendiary bombs. It is the main gun of the ground fire assault.

3. howitzer

Howitzer is a kind of gun with short barrel, low muzzle velocity and curved trajectory, which belongs to one of the main types of ground artillery. Suitable for shooting at horizontal targets, mainly used to annihilate and suppress the enemy's effective forces and technical weapons, and destroy engineering facilities, bridges, transportation hubs, etc. It consists of gun body, gun rack and aiming device. According to its maneuver mode, it can be divided into two types: towed howitzer and self-propelled howitzer. The main features are: short barrel (generally 20-30 times caliber) and low muzzle velocity (generally 300-600 m/s); The shooting angle is large (about 70 degrees), and the impact angle of the projectile is also large, so the killing blasting effect is good; Using multistage camouflage charge can obtain different muzzle velocity, trajectory and range under the condition of constant shooting angle, which is convenient for firepower maneuver in greater depth. The barrel length of modern howitzer is 33-44 times of its caliber, the muzzle velocity is 827 m/s, and the maximum shooting angle is 75. The maximum range of a modern howitzer is over18000m when using ordinary grenades, and it can reach 30000m when using extended-range projectiles. It is the main gun of the ground fire assault.

4. Cannon

Short for "howitzer". Howitzer is a kind of gun with ballistic characteristics of both cannon and howitzer. It is mainly used to shoot long-range targets and destroy solid engineering facilities. It consists of gun body, gun frame and aiming device, and its specific structure is similar to that of artillery and howitzer. Its characteristics are: it can be curved horizontally; Compared with cannon, its gun body is shorter, its muzzle velocity range is wider (using camouflage drugs), and its shooting angle and projectile impact angle are larger; Longer than a howitzer, with a long range; When shooting with maximum charge and small shooting angle, it has the performance of cannon; It has the performance of howitzer when shooting at a small amount and a large shooting angle. The caliber of modern howitzers is mostly152-155 mm. The length of the barrel is generally 25-40 times the caliber, the weight of the bullet is about 45 kg, and the maximum range is 17-25 km. The type of ammunition used is similar to a howitzer. According to its movement mode, it can be divided into traction type, self-propelled type and self-propelled type. It is the main gun of the ground fire assault.

5.rocket launcher

Rocket launcher is a kind of multi-barrel rocket launcher, which belongs to one of the main guns of ground artillery. Mainly used for shooting large-area targets. It usually consists of orienter, turntable, orienter, height machine, balancer, sight, ignition system and platform motion system. According to the type of guide, it can be divided into rail type, cage type and tube type; According to the movement mode, it can be divided into self-propelled type and traction type. The main function of the rocket launcher is to ignite the igniter of the rocket launcher and give the rocket the initial flight direction. After loading, you can fire one shot at a time and dozens of shots in a row. The launching speed is fast, the firepower is fierce, the power is great, and the maneuverability is good, but the projectiles are widely scattered, the firepower is large when launching, and the position is easy to be exposed. The caliber of rocket launcher is generally 107-273mm, and the maximum range is 40km. Mainly used with anti-personnel blasting rockets, special rockets, mines, lighting, smoke screens, etc. It is the main gun of the ground fire assault.

6. Recoilless gun

Also known as "recoilless gun". This is a gun with a smooth bore and no recoil device. When firing, a part of gunpowder gas produced by propellant is ejected backward from the tail of the gun, resulting in a reaction force, the direction of which is opposite to the recoil force given to the barrel when the projectile leaves the chamber, so the gun has no recoil device. Recoilless guns are mainly used to destroy armored targets and bunkers at close range. It consists of gun body, bolt, gun rack and aiming device. Its caliber is generally 57- 120mm, and the direct distance from the tank is 400-800m. Mainly equipped with hollow charge armor-piercing projectile and high-explosive Grenade. It has the characteristics of simple structure, light weight and easy operation.

7. anti-aircraft gun

Referred to as "anti-aircraft gun". This is a kind of artillery that shoots at air targets from the ground. If necessary, it can also be used to shoot ground or water targets. The main features are: long gun body, large muzzle velocity, large range, fast firing rate and high shooting accuracy, and most of them are equipped with fire control systems. According to the way of movement, there are towed anti-aircraft guns and self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; According to the caliber, there are small caliber antiaircraft guns (caliber less than 60mm), medium caliber antiaircraft guns (caliber 60- 100mm) and large caliber antiaircraft guns (caliber greater than 100mm). Anti-aircraft guns are usually equipped with semi-automatic or full-automatic bolt, with mechanized or automatic loading mechanism, which can continuously and automatically load and fire; Most of them are equipped with follow-up devices, which can automatically aim and follow the target. Large and medium caliber anti-aircraft guns are also equipped with fuze side locking machine, which automatically sets the fuze partition. Small caliber antiaircraft guns are usually equipped with automatic air defense sights, which can constantly calculate and set shooting targets to meet the needs of aiming at changing air targets. In World War II, large caliber antiaircraft guns such as 120mm and 128mm appeared. After 1960s, large caliber antiaircraft guns were gradually replaced by surface-to-air missiles, while small caliber antiaircraft guns were greatly developed. Multi-tube assembly is adopted, which improves the launching speed and increases the firepower density. Due to the appearance of self-propelled antiaircraft gun system composed of tracking radar, photoelectric tracking and ranging device, fire control computer and artillery, the shooting effect of moving maneuverability and shooting ability is improved. Small caliber anti-aircraft guns will continue to develop in the integration of radar, computer and artillery, multi-tube assembly or multi-tube rotation, and self-combination with missile (surface-to-air missile) guns.

8. Self-propelled artillery

Self-propelled gun refers to the gun that is integrated with the vehicle chassis and can move by itself. It is mainly used to cooperate with tank troops and motorized troops to fight and provide them with fire support in time. The main features are: good off-road performance, flexibility, quick occupation and withdrawal, and quick shooting response. Self-propelled gun consists of weapon system, armored vehicle body and chassis. Weapon system includes weapon, loading mechanism and fire control system. Weapons include artillery (cannon, howitzer, howitzer, etc.). ). There are two kinds of filling mechanisms: semi-automatic and full-automatic. A new generation of self-propelled artillery has been equipped with night vision equipment and automatic fire control system centered on ballistic computer. Armor has steel armor, aluminum alloy armor or simple composite armor. There are two types of chassis: wheeled and tracked. They are equipped with power, transmission, walking and control devices. Tracked chassis generally adopts tanks or armored vehicles or their improved chassis, as well as special chassis.

9. Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

Referred to as "self-propelled antiaircraft gun", it is a kind of antiaircraft gun that combines aiming and launching system with vehicle chassis and can move by itself. It is mainly used to annihilate low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude targets and cover marching and combat teams. If necessary, it can also be used to destroy ground (water) targets. According to caliber, there are small caliber and medium caliber self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; According to the self-propelled way, there are crawler and wheeled self-propelled anti-aircraft guns; According to the function, there are all-weather and non-all-weather self-propelled anti-aircraft guns. Self-propelled antiaircraft gun is usually an independent antiaircraft gun system, which generally adopts a "trinity" structure, and the fire system, detection device and calculation device are installed on the same car body. A self-propelled vehicle consists of an armored vehicle body, a turret, a power device, a power supply system and a running part. Artillery generally consists of several small-caliber automatic gun bodies (some of which are medium-caliber gun bodies) with the same structure, aiming devices, leveling and balancing machines and anti-aircraft gun follow-up devices, which are installed in or on both sides of the rotating turret. There are closed, semi-closed and open turrets. The car is equipped with radar, photoelectric or optical fire control system and navigator to determine the coordinates of its driving position. The car is also equipped with instruments and equipment to prevent nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Compared with towed antiaircraft guns, self-propelled antiaircraft guns have strong cross-country capability, good maneuverability, high reliability, high degree of automation and short reaction time. They have the ability to attack low-altitude and ultra-low-altitude flying targets, and can stop shooting for a short time and shoot while moving. They are one of the air defense weapons that the armies of various countries are committed to developing.

10. Electromagnetic gun

Also known as "electromagnetic launcher", it is a device that uses electromagnetic force (Lorentz force) to fire shells instead of gunpowder. At present, this weapon has only succeeded in principle and is still in the feasibility study stage. The United States has been able to accelerate the100g projectile to10km/s, and successfully carried out the test of silicon array bearing 65,438+million grams of load. Australian National University built the first electromagnetic transmitter in 1970, and used a unipolar generator with energy of 550 MJ to accelerate the plastic block weighing 3 grams to 6000 m/s for the first time. After the successful development of the electromagnetic gun, it can be used to fight planes and anti-tanks, and can also be used as a space-based anti-missile system. However, the anti-strategic missile requires that the mass of the electromagnetic gun shell reach 2 kg and the speed reach 20 km/s. To meet these requirements, some problems need to be solved, such as studying hundreds of megajoules of pulse energy suitable for space-based use; Solve the strength, size and weight of the track; Solve the problem that the electronic equipment on the shell bears 654.38+ million g load. According to the structure and composition of the launcher, electromagnetic guns can be divided into guideway guns, coilgun guns and "reconnection" guns. They are mainly composed of energy, accelerators and switches. In the "strategic defense" plan of the United States, electromagnetic gun will be developed as a space-based kinetic energy weapon system.

1 1. Coastal gun

Short for "shore gun", it is a kind of naval gun deployed in important coastal areas, islands and waterways. It is mainly used to annihilate enemy targets at sea, and can also shoot at land and air targets. There are two kinds: fixed and mobile. The fixed type is generally arranged in permanent fortifications, and the mobile type has mechanical traction guns and railway train guns. Coastal guns have the characteristics of being difficult to be disturbed, high hit probability, small shooting dead angle and strong destructive power. The original coastal guns were the same as land guns, and special coastal guns began to appear in the19th century. General coastal gun caliber 100-406 mm, range 16-58 km. Modern shore gun is equipped with shooting director, radar and photoelectric observer, which greatly improves the combat performance.