1. Fill in the blanks (65438+ 0 for each blank, ***32)

1. Internal energy refers to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; We call the random motion of matter molecules _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; _ _ _ _ _ _ phenomenon shows that molecules are constantly moving irregularly, and the speed of molecular movement is related to _ _ _ _ _.

2. The specific heat capacity of a glass of water is 4.2× 103 J/(kg? ℃), its physical meaning is _ _ _ _ _ _ _. If you pour half of this glass of water, the specific heat capacity of the remaining half glass of water is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

3. We often say that the iron wire is difficult to be pulled off because there is _ _ _ _ _ _ force between molecules, and the iron block is difficult to be compressed, that is to say, when the distance between molecules is slightly larger, the force is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Usually the force between solid and liquid molecules is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

4. The following physical experiments show that:

The experiment (1) is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Experiment (2) is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, which means _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;

Experiment (3) is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Hainan Island is surrounded by the sea. From what we know, the temperature in Hainan Island all the year round or in the morning and evening should be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

6. Drop red ink into hot water and cold water respectively to make _ _ _ _ _ water change color faster. This phenomenon shows that the higher the temperature, the more molecules _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

7. When a glass of water becomes cold, its internal energy and temperature are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

8.2 kilograms of water temperature rise of 65438 0℃ absorbed heat is _ _ _ _ _ j; The heat of 1 J can increase the temperature of 1 g water by _ _ _ _ _ _℃

Second, multiple-choice questions (3 points for each small question, 30 points for * * *)

1. The following statement about internal energy is correct.

A. the internal energy of an object with high temperature must be very large. B for an object with a certain mass, volume and shape, its internal energy is constant, and its temperature is bound to be constant.

C. internal energy is the general term for kinetic energy and potential energy of an object. D. Objects with the same temperature have the same internal energy.

2. The thermal motion of molecules refers to

A. random motion of a few molecules B. random motion of a molecule C. random motion of a molecule at a higher temperature D. random motion of a large number of molecules

3. The change of internal energy of the following objects is not realized by doing work.

A. when air is compressed, the temperature rises. B. Rub your hands and keep them warm. Saw the wood with a saw, and the wood became hot. D. breathe through your mouth to keep your hands warm.

4. In the following process, work is done due to the change of internal energy.

A. iron clothes with an electric iron. B. Inflate with the pump, and the pump wall will be heated. C. the gas in the gun bore expands to shoot the bullet. Drill wood to make a fire.

5. The specific heat capacity of water is relatively large, which is not used in the following practices.

A. Sprinkle water indoors to cool down in hot summer. Water is used as the coolant of internal combustion engine.

C. hot water circulation of heating system D. the temperature in coastal areas is affected by a large area of seawater.

6. In the following phenomena, it can be explained that the molecules of an object are constantly moving irregularly.

A. water flows downwards from a height. Dust is flying in the classroom. Iron rusts in the air. D. put a spoonful of sugar in a cup of boiling water, and the water will soon become sweet.

7. The following phenomena are diffusion phenomena.

A. In spring, catkins fly. B. In summer, Sophora japonica flowers are fragrant. C. In autumn, yellow sand blows on the face. In winter, snowflakes fly.

8. If heat transfer occurs between two objects, the heat is generated by

A. transfer of large specific heat capacity to small specific heat capacity B. transfer of large heat capacity to small heat capacity.

C. transfer from high temperature to low temperature D. transfer from high internal energy to low internal energy.

9. A drop of red ink drops into a glass of clear water, and finally the clear water turns red. This phenomenon shows that

A. matter consists of molecules. B. molecules keep moving irregularly. There is an interaction between molecules. Molecules have certain mass.

10. The reason why solids and liquids are difficult to compress is that

A. Because there is no gap between molecules. B. Because there is repulsion between molecules. C. Because molecules are always moving. D. Because there is no force between molecules.

Third, think about it (4 points for each small question, 8 points for * * *)

1. What do you mean by "a broken mirror is hard to round"? How to get a second naming method.

2. What does the egg mean by "yellow"? Why are eggs in summer more "yellow" than those in winter?

Fourth, do (4 points for each small question, 8 points for * * *)

1. After an iron ball at 40℃ absorbs 2.3× 103 J, the temperature of the iron ball rises to 90℃. Q: What is the mass of the iron ball? (c Fe =0.88× 103 J/(kg? ℃)〕

2. After an object with a mass of 80 g absorbs heat of 840 J, the temperature rises by 10℃, then releases heat of 1680 J, and finally the temperature drops to 5℃. Find the initial temperature of an object.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) comprehensive questions (calculation, experiment, design, inquiry) (** 17 points)

1.(7 points) Make the specific heat capacity of 200 g 2 100 J/(kg? ) kerosene temperature rises from 5℃ to 10℃, and a certain amount of water needs to be lowered from 20℃ to 15℃ before heating. If the heat provided by water actually only increases the temperature of 200 g kerosene at 5℃ to 8℃, how much heat is lost in the actual heating process?

2. As shown in the figure, it is an experiment to study the specific heat capacity of a metal. Electric heaters are used to heat metal cylinders. In order to make the metal fully absorb heat, drill a hole on the metal column so that the metal cylinder can just be put in, and connect the voltage of 12 V at both ends of the metal cylinder. The current, time and other physical quantities passed are recorded in the table:

Determination of specific heat capacity of metals

Current 2.5 A.

The power-on time is 5 minutes.

The mass of the metal cylinder is1.5kg.

The degree of temperature change is 20℃

(1) Because metals conduct heat easily, there are still some defects in this experiment. How to improve to prevent excessive heat loss? (2 points)

(2) What is the electric power that "heats up quickly"? What is the heat released in 5 minutes? (4 points)

(3) If "heating quickly" has a heat loss of 10%, what is the specific heat capacity of the metal? (4 points)

Six, small survey (5 points)

When cooking chicken soup at home, the whole room is filled with the smell of chicken soup, which can be seen everywhere in our lives. Please give 3~4 similar examples in our life according to the above phenomenon.

Answer the case and mention it.

Fill in the blanks

1. The temperature of the sum of kinetic energy and molecular potential energy of all molecular movements in a thermally moving diffusion object.

2. 1 kg water absorption 4.2×103j4.2×103j/(kg? C) change

3. Attraction, repulsion, repulsion, attraction.

4. Diffusion can occur between substances with different diffusion phenomena. There is force between molecules, and there is attraction between molecules. When an object does external work, its internal energy decreases.

5. The specific heat capacity of small continent and ocean continent

6. The more intense the hot exercise.

7. Reduce and reduce

8.8400 0.24

Second, multiple choice questions

1.B 2。 D 3。 D 4。 C 5。 A six. D 7。 B 8。 C 9。 B 10。 B

Third, think about it.

1. When the mirror is broken and then closed, the distance between molecules is very large, and there is almost no force between molecules, so it is difficult to close the broken mirror again.

The second round can melt the broken mirror, because the distance between molecules can reach the interaction distance between molecules, which makes the interaction between molecules great and the mirror can be reassembled into a new mirror; Or glue the mirrors together, which can also make the intermolecular force bigger.

2. Explain that there is diffusion between egg white and egg yolk.

Because molecular motion is related to temperature, the higher the temperature, the more intense the molecular motion. The higher the temperature in summer, the more intense the intermolecular movement and the more obvious the diffusion phenomenon, so eggs are easy to "yellow" in summer.

Fourth, do it.

1. solution: m = q/[c (t-t0)] = 0.052kg.

2. solution: c=Q suction /m? δt 1 = 1050J/(kg？ ℃)

T2 = Q Ampere/cm =20℃

t0 =δT2- 10℃+5℃= 15℃。

Verb (abbreviation of verb) synthesis problem

1. Solution: Q total =cm? δt 1 = 2 100J

Q has =cm? δT2 = 1260J

Q loss = 840 j.

2.( 1) Wrap the metal with materials with good thermal insulation performance to minimize heat loss.

(2) solution: P=UI=30 W

Q =W =Pt=9000 J。

(3) solution: c =Q η/(m? δt)= 270J/(kg？ ℃)

Six, small survey

You can smell vinegar when you open the vinegar bottle.

(2) Approaching the hospital, you can smell the medicine.

(3) The mothballs in the wardrobe become smaller after a period of time.

Give you some more books.

Recommended bibliography of physics competition

First of all, my recommended bibliography is divided into three parts, which are summarized by the names of three books, namely "From College Entrance Examination to Competition", "Orsay Deep Water Bomb" and "The Road to Gold Medal", which, as the name implies, are applicable respectively (the second book seems inappropriate! ), and of course those who are purely interested in physics, but I think this is just a state of mind. Since you are involved, there will always be a position. If there is really no positioning, so much the better. All three categories should suit you.

First, from the college entrance examination to the competition

1 1+ 1 (I don't remember the specific name, purple cover)

A good reference book for physics in senior high school. I used it when I taught myself.

2 From College Entrance Examination to Competition

I haven't read this book carefully, I just glanced through it. The book compiled by Zhang Datong is somewhat similar, but on the whole it is good. It is said that this book is good, so it should be worth reading.

3 Orsay Deep Water Bomb China Children's Publishing House

Advantages: a good reference book for improving the college entrance examination, with many explanations, some multiple-choice questions and detailed explanations for each question. A total of three volumes, you can choose your own weak links.

Disadvantages: the depth of content is very inconsistent, there will be college entrance examination questions, there will be difficult final or even more difficult questions. Less content and low cost performance.

4 all kinds of college entrance examination questions

I don't need to say this. More classic, such as three years and five years. 、

Two. Orsay depth charge

1 Physics Competition Course

Advantages: the content is comprehensive, and the skills books commonly used in the competition are all involved. Thinking is more difficult than mathematics. Basically, you can take part in the competition after reading this set of books several times (there should be many of us doing this).

Disadvantages: Some skills are not commonly used, and the self-made questions are wrong:)

2 Road to Gold Medal

Advantages: there are many explanations, and because it is compiled by one person, it is more systematic. The rest is similar to the tutorial.

Disadvantages: Zhang Datong's book overlaps with the physics competition course.

3 sprint gold medals

Advantages: the topic is relatively new, mainly using some foreign questions. Will use a little simple calculus.

Disadvantages: the style is a bit strange and relatively simple. Not very recommended

4 Orsay Sun Tzu's Art of War Wu Jianmou Wen Hui Press

Advantages: some of them are made by ourselves, and some are adapted from books on general physics and theoretical physics, so they are not very similar. There will be some skills and methods that are not often involved in other books. It should be a must-read book.

Disadvantages: high error rate, more discussion when watching.

5 Physics Competition Optimization Course and Its Inscription

Advantages: Zhong Xiaoping compiled this book under the banner of Shu Yousheng, and has some questions about Shu Yousheng. We have begun to take the general route, which is a good supplement to the physics incompleteness in senior high school.

Disadvantages: the simulation questions in the preliminaries will be more difficult in the finals, and you should have good psychological quality.

There is also an Olympic Games course in Nantah, and the experimental part pays more attention to methods, which is worth seeing. )

6 Physics Exercise Library Shu Yousheng Chen Bing Gan Hu Higher Education Press

A book I strongly recommend is already a must-have book in other schools, but we seldom see it. General physical difficulty, if you want to make a difference, you must read the collected problems several times. It is difficult for domestic competition questions to escape the scope of this book. Sixty dollars for a big book is worth more. The only drawback is that it is too heavy to carry around. Once again, it is strongly recommended that you look at the part with low physical requirements in the middle, and mathematics can be mastered completely. I saw it for sale on the third floor of the Yangtze River Delta at the end of June.

American Physics Test Questions and Answers China University of Science and Technology Press

A very old set of books has cultivated China gold medals from generation to generation, which is as good as the essence of physics problems, but the reading surface and word-of-mouth are far less than the latter. It's rare to see the original now. There are books on electromagnetism in the library, but even the Nanda Library doesn't have electromagnetism and mechanics. Now there is a new version, which is introduced below. This set of books consists of seven volumes, of which the intensity is not too difficult. I recommend it. The rest is more difficult, so I recommend it to some people. If you search carefully on the Internet, there is an electronic version to download.

8 Physics 200 Problems

A very good book, very thin, with good topics, graded according to difficulty, and many new topics, which are more interesting. Basically, it is also at the level of general objects. More expensive, 29, low cost performance.

9 general physics textbooks

New Concept Physics Course Higher Education Press

Liu, Physics Higher Education Press

Mechanical beam

Jia Zheng Yongling, Mechanical Higher Education Press

Jia Zheng Yongling, Electromagnetism Higher Education Press

Fan Hongchang, Thermal Science Press

Modern Geometric Optics Nanjing University Press Yi Ming

Optics Nanjing University Press

Three. Sprint for the gold medal

1 Physics Exercise Library Shu Yousheng Chen Binggan Hu Higher Education Press

Recommend this book again, do it several times (worth doing) and do the rest of the questions. Taking a look at general physics and theoretical physics will have a good effect.

2 Physical Dictionary Science Press

Formerly known as American Physics Test Questions and Solutions, the second edition added the titles of several books, including puzzle sets. The difficulty of theoretical physics, there are seven volumes in the book, which is very expensive. I want 500 yuan. A good set of books, difficult, but limited to thinking about physics and mathematics, meaningful. There is a set of people who can reimburse the training team for books and circulate them to each other. Force, electricity, heat, light, subatomic relativistic physics recommendation, within the scope of ability.

3 physical competition ability training (seemingly) Hunan Publishing House

No, but many people in the training team have books.

4 this theoretical physics textbook

Theoretical Mechanics Harbin Institute of Technology Press

Theoretical Mechanics Higher Education Press Jin Shangnian Ma Yongli

Electromechanical Guo

A concise course of electrodynamics Higher Education Press Chen Shimin

Four. Mathematical recommendation

Concise Calculus China University of Science and Technology Press Gong Sheng (up and down)

Calculus textbooks for physics majors are suitable for those who study physics, covering a wide range and introducing field theory, deviation and Fourier. That's enough. There are physics problems as examples and exercises.