Cao Ruizhi (1890- 1953) is a hydraulic scientist. The founder of modern Shanxi water conservancy science and technology. Since the 1920s, he has been engaged in water conservancy science and technology in Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other provinces. He was the first to formulate Shanxi water conservancy development plan, advocated the formulation of water law and the establishment of hydrological observation stations, studied and popularized siphon irrigation projects in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and small rural hydropower stations, presided over the experiments of wooden hydraulic turbines, hydraulic pumps and impeller governors, participated in the early development plan of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, and made important contributions to the development of water conservancy and hydropower in modern China.
Chinese name: Cao Ruizhi.
Date of birth: 1890 February 20th.
Date of death: 1953 May 13.
Occupation: scientific hydraulic scientist
Graduate school: Department of Civil Engineering, Shanxi University
Main achievements: the founder of Shanxi water conservancy science and technology in modern times
Representative work: Shanxi water conservancy situation and future development policy
Native place: Fencheng County, Shanxi Province
brief introduction
Ruizhi,1born on February 20th, 890, is from Xiangzi Village, Caojiazhuang Township, Fencheng County, Shanxi Province. My father is in business and my mother is a housewife. She is proficient in writing and once served as a member of the "Tianzu Club". Influenced by the family environment, he is studious, cheerful and loves new things. When he was a child, he studied in a private school in the village and later entered a school in the county. 19 10 was admitted to the preparatory course of civil engineering department of Shanxi university, and graduated from 19 16. 19 19 was admitted to the UniversityofWisconsin to study hydraulic engineering and hydraulic machinery, and obtained the master's degree of 1923. After returning home, he worked in water conservancy in Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other provinces. 1930 cases suffered from duodenal ulcer, and 1943 cases underwent gastrectomy in Chongqing and recovered. During his illness, he was taken care of by his wife, persisted in his work and devoted himself to water conservancy construction.
undertaking
After Cao Ruizhi returned to China, he first served as the director of the mining and transportation department in Shanxi Doudufu. Unable to develop his expertise, he left Shanxi on 1927 to work as an engineer in Henan Water Resources Bureau. The project of diverting the yellow river from the yellow river by rainbow was established, which was well received by the local people. Because of his infatuation with siphon, his colleagues nicknamed him "Siphon". After 1930, he served as the technical director of water conservancy of Shandong Provincial Construction Department to continue the research of this work. 1935 published the paper "Siphon Hydraulic Situation and Flow Calculation" in the national academic journal Engineering, Volume 10, Issue 1. This paper won the first prize and the gold medal in the fourth annual meeting of China Institution of Engineers. 1936 was commended by Shandong provincial government and awarded 500 silver dollars. 1932 was invited to participate in the survey team of the Three Gorges Project, and put forward the grand plan for developing hydropower in the Yangtze River for the first time in China. 1In August, 937, the Japanese invaders approached Jinan, and he moved to Sichuan to start the research and construction of new hydropower and small hydropower in the rear area. During the period of 1946, he was appointed as a special member of the Ministry of Water Resources of Chongqing National Government and led the 224th Reconnaissance Team to work in Shanxi from Chongqing. When I arrived in Linfen, Jinnan via xi 'an, I only made a short-term investigation in Jinnan due to the outbreak of Shangdang Campaign.
stop
1March, 952, Cao Ruizhi suffered a heart attack due to overwork while doing field survey for Fenhe Reservoir. In the autumn of the same year, his condition worsened and he went to shenyang military area command 202 Hospital for treatment. He died of heart failure on February 1953 at the age of 63.
Formulate the overall planning of water control in Sanjin
Wise returned to work in Shanxi three times in his life, which lasted for more than ten years, and formulated a general plan for water control in line with the situation in Shanxi Province. 1923- 1926 returned to work in Shanxi for the first time. During this period, the water conservancy situation in Shanxi Province was comprehensively investigated. 1925 wrote two papers, namely Fenhe River Regulation Planning and Shanxi Water Conservancy Situation and Future Development Policy. The idea of building a reservoir from the upper reaches of Fenhe River to Luojiaqu, and building a pump high irrigation project from the lower reaches of Xinjiang to Hejin was first put forward.
raise a question
It is considered that: "Shanxi water conservancy has eight weirs in the south and three canals in the north, which can be called the great achievement of China water conservancy." However, in order to achieve great development, there are three problems that need to be solved urgently, namely: (1) "It is difficult to set up water conservancy, such as the lack of regulations in the water law of the provincial government, which leads to disputes, which the judges can't follow, and the people's water use is not restricted. (2) "Shanxi water conservancy has many shortcomings, such as the investigation of water sources and the record of water quantity. These are all lacking. Although some people began to study, they didn't reply, which led to "it's a pity to lose water"; (3) "The existing water conservancy projects in Shanxi are all natural water conservancy projects", but at present, the conditions for developing natural water conservancy projects "have been exhausted, and I want to continue in the future. Without scientific water conservancy projects, who will return them?" On this basis, Cao Ruizhi put forward four concrete plans for developing Shanxi's water conservancy: "(1) Formulating water law; (2) investigate the water source; (3) Water quantity measurement (hydrological observation); (4) Experiment (irrigation and saline-alkali land improvement) ". And clearly put forward that "promoting water conservancy development by scientific methods is the fundamental way of Shanxi".
Prepare the design task book
The second time was in 1946- 1949. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Cao Ruizhi led the No.224th Survey and Design Team of the Ministry of Water Resources of Chongqing National Government to return to Shanxi to survey the power generation project of Longmen Reservoir of the Yellow River and write the design task book. The ancient irrigation projects such as Zi Long Temple, Huoquan Canal and Tongli Canal in southern Shaanxi were investigated, and the scientific scheme of rebuilding and expanding these projects by using modern technology was put forward.
Chief engineer of water conservancy bureau
The third time was 1949- 1953 after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Cao Ruizhi accepted the invitation of Shanxi Provincial People's Government and returned to Taiyuan as a member of Shanxi Provincial Government and chief engineer of Shanxi Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau. Although he is over sixty years old, he is still full of courage. 1950, at the first meeting of the CPPCC, the proposal of building Longmen Reservoir Hydropower Station on the Yellow River was put forward, which attracted great attention of the comrades attending the meeting. From 1949 to 1952, he led water conservancy technicians to inspect the main rivers such as Fenhe River, Hutuo River, Sushui River and Xiaohe River, and put forward a relatively comprehensive planning scheme for the management of these rivers and the development of water conservancy in the whole province. Many hydrological and rainfall stations have been established in the major river systems in this province. Under his auspices, two modern large-scale irrigation projects, Hutuo River and Xiaohe River, were successfully constructed. At the same time, the eight ancient irrigation projects of Huoquan, Nanyuan, Shui Gu and Fenhe have also been modernized. The number of artesian irrigation areas over 10,000 mu in the province increased from 1 1 to 29, and the effective irrigation area increased from 2.96 million mu (197,300 hectares) to 6.09 million mu (406,000 hectares). At his initiative, Linfen established the earliest irrigation experimental station in Shanxi. He also actively organized rural hydropower construction from a comprehensive perspective, and set up a water conservancy machinery research room and a water conservancy machinery repair shop in the provincial water conservancy bureau to study and manufacture the machinery and equipment needed for rural hydropower construction. On this basis, Mingjiang Hydropower Station in Hongtong County was completed and put into operation on 1956, which was quickly popularized in the whole province. By the end of 1950s, there were 129 small hydropower stations in China. 1960, the Ministry of Agriculture held a national 1 1 provincial (municipal) small hydropower work conference, which promoted the development of rural hydropower in China.
Create a rainbow to attract the yellow mud field project
1927, Cao Ruizhi arrived in Henan soon. In view of the low water level on both banks of the lower Yellow River, siphon can be used to extract muddy water and cross the levee for siltation.
Construction of siphon irrigation and soil improvement projects in farmland began. "For the first time, a 6-inch (15.2cm) siphon was installed at the Huayuankou of the Yellow River, and the water test was very strong. The canal is excavated from the outlet for 65,438+04 miles (7 kilometers) and reaches Jia Luhe through the South and North Suoshui Rivers. " Then, "eight pairs of 24-inch (6 1 cm) iron pipes were installed, which can generate 240 cubic feet (6.8 cubic meters per second) of water and irrigate more than 50,000 mu (0.33 million hectares) of coastal dry land." From 65438 to 0930, when he became the technical director of the Construction Department of Shandong Province, he still actively advocated the construction of siphon pipes along the Yellow River to divert sediment from the Yellow River. "With the support of the Director-General and the assistance of engineer Chu Wenlin, the Yellow River siltation and blocking scheme was drawn up in 1933. It is planned to build siphon projects in Licheng Wangjiaxing, Qingcheng Mazhazi, Qihe Hongmiao and Putaiwang Wangzhuang, with a planned sedimentation of 215,000 mu (14,300 hectares) and a construction cost of 3,066. " The installation diameters of Wang Jia Li Hsing and Mazazi are 2 1 inch (53.3 cm), Hongmiao and Weijiakou are 18 inch (45.7 cm), and Wang Wangzhuang is 15 inch (38. 1 cm). "In June1933165438+1October 18, the Wangjialixing project successfully tested water, and the actual water diversion was 0. 15m3/s, and the other three places were also completed in 1934, which was of great engineering benefit. "At that time, the report of the Shandong Provincial Construction Department said:" At the beginning of the design, the original plan was to release water many times, and the success was obvious. When Mazazi was accepted, it was only released for ten days, and the silt nearby could reach more than one thousand mu (66.7hm2), with an average thickness of about seven centimeters (7 cm). This land used to be a barren land with low humidity, alkali and halogen, but it can be turned into fertile soil after silting up. It can be seen that the benefits of all siphon irrigation projects along the Yellow River are indeed a great plan to help agriculture. "
After the above-mentioned projects achieved results, Cao Ruizhi and others, with the support of the construction department, formulated a dredging plan for the whole province, and planned to "install 300 sets of 48-inch (12 1.9 cm) siphon pipes, irrigate 22.4 million mu (1493,000 hectares), so that the annual agricultural income will reach/kloc-. It is planned to be completed in 30 years, with a total cost of 4 million yuan. Due to lack of funds, it was not realized. " After the founding of New China, in just three years (1956- 1958), Shandong Province has built 24 yellow river diversion siphons with a designed diversion 160m3/s and an irrigation area of 5.6 million mu (373,000 hectares).
Around 1935, the governments of Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces jointly formed a siphon project investigation team, with Cao Ruizhi as the team leader, and conducted investigation and survey along the Yellow River for several months, and worked out a detailed project plan. During his stay in Shandong, he devoted himself to the study of siphon and shipping technology and published many papers.
Participate in the preliminary planning of the Three Gorges development plan.
19321At the beginning of October, at the invitation of the Yangtze River Waterway Regulation Committee, Cao Ruizhi, Yun Zhen, Song Xishang, Shi (America) chief survey engineer and Chen Jinmo, a technician appointed by the former Yangtze River Water Conservancy Committee, left Yichang in late June of/kloc-0. This plan was earlier than J.L. Savage, an expert from the US Bureau of Reclamation, who explored the upper reaches of Yichang Gorge in 1944 10 years ago. It broke the long-standing misinformation that some people thought that the Three Gorges development plan was first put forward by Americans. According to the plan, "from Yichang to Zigui, its geological structure is called Huangling anticline, and the so-called Huangling granite has a wide range. Geologists recognize that this section is the center of the Dongxia anticline, and granite is extremely strong, so it is the most reasonable idea to use it as a dam foundation. " The geology and topography of (Sinian) granite in Huanglingmiao and Sandouping areas should be studied in detail. The section from Gezhouba to Yichang Shimen in the east wing of the anticline is Tertiary East Lake sandstone and Shimen conglomerate. The Ordovician limestone stratum above Shimen to Shipaixi is not suitable for dam construction. From the geological structure, "the rock stratum of Gezhouba is far less than the rock stratum combination of Huanglingmiao dam and factory building foundation", but "Gezhouba has a good terrain, which was considered as a place with less engineering quantity and easy work at the initial survey. If Yichang is a chemical industry zone and happens to have all kinds of natural suitable conditions, it is the most economical principle to concentrate power generation and electricity consumption in one place to alleviate the difficulties of high-voltage transmission. " Therefore, regarding the dam selection section, the survey team found two locations, one is Gezhouba, 4 nautical miles (7.4 kilometers) upstream of Yichang; One is near Huangling Temple, 22 nautical miles (40.7 kilometers) upstream. "According to the situation of the two stations at that time, according to the requirements of each installed capacity of 300,000 kilowatts, the location, dam type, ship lock and investment of the dam were initially planned. The guiding ideology of the overall planning is the multi-level development scheme of low dam, with little flood loss.
The drop is1.25m, and the output is about 2.94 million kilowatts by using the low flow. Therefore, it is also proposed: "Wanxian Bayangxia, Zhongxian Huanghuacheng, Du Feng Canbailiang, Fuling Scissors Gorge, Changshou Datanzi and other hydropower development points." According to the report, "Gezhouba and Huanglingmiao hydropower stations are only the first phase of the development of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. In the final stage of the development of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, there will be a number of interconnected dams, sluices and power plants from Yichang to Yibin, and these dams, sluices and power plants will land on the water and become classes. By then, not only the problem of shipping beach risks can be completely solved, but also the farmland on both sides of the Yangtze River will benefit from irrigation due to rising water levels. " The report also suggested that "the rich hydropower resources of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River should be used to fix nitrogen in the air, make fertilizer, develop the electrochemical industry and supply the Sichuan-Han railway." According to Mr. Yun Zhen's memory and writing, "At that time, Cao Ruizhi was responsible for the calculation part and preliminary design of the scheme, which was finalized after final discussion by Yun and Song engineers, and then sent to the editor-in-chief of Engineering magazine of China Institution of Engineers for approval and publication. The announcement of the plan was approved by Mr. Qian Changzhao. "
Mr. Zhu also wrote: "The first Three Gorges development plan was put forward from the technical and economic conditions at that time. Now, it seems that the two dam sections they selected, Gezhouba and Huanglingmiao, have been proved to be correct after more than 50 years of continuous survey, design and station construction. Now, the Gezhouba project has already completed power generation, and Sandouping was selected as the dam site of the Three Gorges High Dam, and the Huanglingmiao dam section was also selected in that year, which fully demonstrated that the survey planning at that time was quite rigorous and scientific. "
Developing and improving hydraulic machinery
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Cao Ruizhi devoted himself to water conservancy and hydropower in Sichuan. During this period, he presided over the construction of a 50-kilometer-long Zhengze weir in Santai County, irrigated 1.33 million hectares, and irrigated the fields with water from Fujiang River, which is now Yonghe weir. This is the first medium-sized water diversion project built by using modern water conservancy technology in Sichuan. He is also committed to the development and promotion of hydraulic pumping machinery. From 65438 to 0940, high irrigation experimental stations were established in Qingyang Palace and guanxian, and a group of young technicians were instructed to create wooden hydraulic pumps and trucks. This is the prototype of modern hydraulic pump in China.
From 65438 to 0942, the Water Conservancy Commission of the Executive Yuan of Chongqing National Government established the Water Conservancy Demonstration Engineering Office, with the task of demonstrating and popularizing small hydropower stations, hydraulic processing plants and pumping stations by using Sichuan's abundant water resources. Cao Ruizhi is the department director. Under his leadership, the hydraulic machinery test site of Chongqing Yanggong Bridge was built and the hydropower station was designed. The power station adopts low dam open channel for water diversion, with diversion flow of 1.0m3/s and head of 5m. Due to poor equipment, hydraulic turbines, hydraulic pumps and draft tubes are all wood products. According to observation, the efficiency of wooden paddle turbine is only about 30%. After careful test and comparison between Cao Ruizhi and relevant personnel, according to the method introduced by DieKreiselpumpen and the principle of airplane propeller, the water turbine pump is continuously improved, the scientific blade design is put forward, and the axial flow pump is improved by using the principle of fluid mechanics. The design level of propeller turbine has been greatly improved, and the actual efficiency of wooden turbine has reached about 80%. This test result was immediately applied to low-head hydropower station and achieved obvious results. On this basis, he also organized relevant professionals to research and design the blade governor of axial flow turbine. It is very valuable to successfully design and manufacture the earliest complete set of rotating blade turbine equipment in China and popularize it in practice without material conditions and decent turbine manufacturers at that time.
On the basis of experimental research, Cao Ruizhi instructed China Rural Water Conservancy Industry Company to build two low-head hydropower stations (20 kW and 40 kW respectively) at Gexiqiao in Daxian County and Shixisi in Suining City. In Pei Bei, Chongqing, a hydraulic processing plant with high head and small flow was built, which solved the lighting problem of local people. After the founding of New China, Shanxi designed and popularized rural small hydropower stations earlier, which played an exemplary role for the whole country, that is, applied the experimental results of this period.
Miss Cao Ruizhi, a water conservancy colleague.
Cao Ruizhi won the respect and praise of his peers and future generations for his foresight. Mr. Yunzhen, who once worked with him to draw the grand picture of the Three Gorges, called him "sincere, diligent, courageous, willing to study problems and careful". In Shanxi water conservancy field, the first generation of water conservancy science and technology workers in New China who worked with him in those years all praised him: "Being decent, honest, strict with self-discipline, being kind to others and not seeking fame and fortune".
Main thesis
1
Cao Ruizhi. Shanxi water conservancy situation and future policy. Shanxi Water Conservancy-Special Collection of Water Conservancy History, 1985 (1): 43 ~ 452 Cao Ruizhi. Preliminary planning of yellow river water conservancy in henan province. North China Water Conservancy Monthly,1929,2 (3)
3 Cao Ruizhi. SeepageWater (English) Engineering,1930,5 (3): 394 ~ 451
4 Yunzhen, Cao Ruizhi, Song Shangxi. Investigation report on hydropower generation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Engineering,1933,8 (3):195 ~ 220
5 Cao Ruizhi. Hydraulic condition and flow calculation of siphon. Engineering, 1935,10 (1):1~ 20