Since Sadr stepped onto the stage in the early 20th century, the so-called "Sadr phenomenon" has gradually formed. Barthes even called it "the myth of Sadr". How to explain this phenomenon? There is a simple reason. Before the 20th century, Sade lived underground for a whole hundred years, and his works were always circulated in the dark, because his works not only involved pornography, but also advocated sexual violence and abuse, which violated ethical philosophy. He is the embodiment of sexual perversion. He is like a devil, but he must hide. As for1the end of the 8th century1the beginning of the 9th century, at that time when he lived, everyone only regarded him as an obscene and pornographic writer, even a mediocre little writer, and sooner or later he would be drowned in the torrent of history. At that time, no one would have thought that he would occupy an important position in the history of French literature (even western literature).
After the time series entered the 20th century, thanks to the surrealist friends, especially Apollinaire, and of course, thanks to the progress of the times, many taboos are slowly being untied, and Sade unconsciously stepped onto the stage. In the mid-1960s, after his works were completely released, some famous artists such as Maurice Blanchett, georges bataille and roland garros were added. Barthes and others wrote books for him, and Sadr finally turned over: he became one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature! Roland? Barthes even compared him with Proust in the book Interview. In his view, reading Sade is like reading Proust, which brings unparalleled pleasure.
After the mystery of Thade was uncovered, there was a lively tide of Thade in France, and at the same time, two completely different views on Thade's works were formed. One school thinks this is boring and unreasonable, for example, former French President Pompidou holds this view. This school thinks that Sadr has repeatedly described obscene and abnormal behaviors in many novels, especially sodomy behaviors of "love farting" and "love dung". It's ridiculous and disgusting. The book "One Hundred and Twenty Days in Sodom" can't be read without this description of obscene behavior, which is not only against morality, but also against human nature. Can this be called literature?
However, another group of people don't see Sade that way. This must be viewed from the perspective of Sadr myth. How did the myth of Sadr come into being? First of all, it comes from the argument of critic Klossowski, who thinks that Sade is an "absolute writer", unique, unparalleled and probably unprecedented. With innovative spirit and unique style, such writers have created a whimsical, structured and closed system world. I call this kind of world "Saad Germplasm" (just like the world names like Kafka T or Balzac Germplasm, Proust's world can also be viewed in this way). Although everything in this world depends on pornography, we must look at this world beyond pornography.
The world of Saad descent is an anarchic world, but it is also a utopian world, because all the shackles are lifted there, and the prohibition of ethics and even law no longer exists. We seem to have returned to a primitive psychological level. Everything is naked and everything can be allowed. This is like the unconscious function in psychoanalysis, which is not only unrestrained, but also completely boundless. So Sade, like a magician, created an "absolute world", a self-sufficient world full of incomparable imagination charm.
Another source of Sadr's myth is the "deviant" creative view of the aforementioned famous critics Bronxiu and Ba Dai Yi, who regard Sadr as a "deviant" in literary creation. In the history of western literature, no one can boldly break the rules of reason like Sade, completely taking personal sharp lust and violent tendency as the criterion, ignoring the bondage of reason and the intervention of moral laws, and everything he does is to vent his personal desires and not abide by the norms of "hedonism principle". This can be said to be the behavior of a madman, which is the portrayal of Sade. He unscrupulously broke through the secular "forbidden zone" as a madman, and then created a self-sufficient world that no one can control. In this world, everything is subject to only one supreme authoritative master, and this master is Thad himself. His rule of doing things is: do the opposite. Badei once said that the supreme power of Sadr World Center is to show the power of negation, in other words, to drive in the opposite direction, which means to do the opposite. Michel foucault also said: "In Sade's world, sex is not standardized, and if it is, it just follows the inherent laws of its own nature. This law does not recognize any other laws except itself, and it only obeys the supreme master. Therefore, in Sade's works, we will repeatedly read the description of the destruction of social norms, and there is no justice and law in his world.
The last and most weighty myth about Sadr was undoubtedly written by Roland? What Bart built, in his eyes, really attracted Sade, not about his "absolute" and "forbidden" parts, and certainly not about pornography, but the structured world shaped by his unique language. In this regard, he believes that such a structured world is quite similar to the world in the Bible, and it is also a complex world full of symbols to be deconstructed. Sadr has created a wonderful novel structure world through his sleepless writing in prison for many years (the description of the movie Goose Pen is very pertinent and thoughtful) and through his clever mastery and application of language. This is of course a unique erotic structure world, in which symbols are varied and dazzling, and on the other hand, it is also a rhetorical symbol. From a certain point of view, Sadr can therefore, Roland? Barthes said this in his book Sade, Fourier, Roy-Ola. Sade, like Fourier and Loyola, created his own language system. Their works are all combined with original symbols, showing extraordinary unique significance, fully demonstrating socialist enthusiasm (Fourier), erotic symbols (Sade) and religious spirit. Besides Roland? Barthes said more definitely in the book Interview: "Reading Sade has always been a great pleasure for me. I don't agree with people who say that Thaad is a boring writer ... In our (French) literature, except Proust, only one person can really bring me great reading pleasure and want to reread it. They all stand in our literary world. 」
I think Sade and Proust are the most worthy of comparison, except Roland? What Bart said is that they are all masters of writing style, except creating a novel structure world belonging to their own species. A great writer must not only be an editor of wonderful stories, that is to say, he is good at telling stories, but also an outstanding writer. Sade is such a writer. His endless stories related to pornography, even if they are violent and horrible, even unreasonable and logical, will still be very interesting and deeply attracted by him, especially when he is engaged in pornographic description. The French sentence structure he used is extremely beautiful and concise, which highlights the style of writing. A writer is definitely not a good writer without the display of writing style. Roland? Bart was right. It is from this point to judge the greatness of a writer. Therefore, he further saw that Sade created something extremely rare in literature and rhetoric: a kind of writing with perfect meaning (UNE \ u crisis parfaitation d \ u not \ u e). For example, when he describes, especially pornographic scenes, his sentences never beat around the bush. He is very straightforward. This is a transparent writing style, so that there is no room for symbolism (Proust is just the opposite), so readers will not frown after reading it, and there is no need to exaggerate their imagination, because there is no interference. If symbolism is an escape technique, then Sadr's erotic world is obviously anti-symbolism. If we have to add symbolic meaning to him, after all, we have created a symbolic word for him, which is the so-called "le sadisme", which is a meaningful word. Unfortunately, nowadays it has become synonymous with sexual abuse and obviously abused.
Undeniably, the myth about Sadr undoubtedly broadens our horizons in reading Sadr's erotic novels. Sadr's world cannot be established without eroticism, but Sadr's real attraction is definitely not pornography. I don't believe that any mature reader reading "One hundred and twenty days in Sodom" will cause any erotic excitement. No, it's impossible. There are many obscene descriptions of various sexual perverts in the book (for example, the description of Zhongguang's "dung-loving" behavior accounts for at least a quarter of the book). However, these descriptions are not all so embarrassing, because there are many funny ingredients in the head. D.H. Lawrence said in the book Lady Chatterley's Lover that nothing is more ridiculous than the action of men and women having sex. This theoretical adjustment can witness Sadr's exaggerated description of sexual behavior, which is often exaggerated to make people laugh, and comedy effects like this will wave after wave. Who says reading Sadr won't be an unparalleled pleasure?
Thad and His Times
The famous Marquis de Sade (1740- 18 14) lived in the era of great political and social changes in French history. He experienced three turbulent historical periods, from the monarchies of Louis XV and Louis XVI, the democracy of the French Revolution, and the imperial era of Napoléon Bonaparte. But most of him had no real chance of success, because he spent 27 years in prison intermittently, and he lived in almost all the famous prisons in France at that time, including the infamous Bastille prison in the center of Paris ("One hundred and twenty days in Sodom" was written here, starting from 17851October 22, and written in 37 days). We once imagined that if Thad hadn't been in prison for so long, it seemed unlikely that he would have written so many novels full of sexual fantasies. Judging from the movie Goose Pen, which tells about Sadr's prison life, this porn master only does two things in the world: violent venting of sexual desire and writing desire. We intuitively feel that this is a man with a penis standing at any time and ideas expressed in his mind at any time. From this point of view, the venting of sexual desire and creative desire are the same phenomenon at the physical and psychological levels, and both are a way to show vitality, which appropriately confirms Freud's Libido theory (called "spiritual energy" by Jung). Libido refers to a person's sexual energy, and the more libido, the more vigorous it is. The venting of sexual desire and creativity are generally the same thing. We can see from Sade's life behavior and literary works that he is obviously the embodiment of Libido, and his body is burning with endless sexual desire and creative desire all the time.
18th century can be said to be the golden age of the most unrestrained and laissez-faire development in the west, and naturally it is also the heyday of the most developed pornographic literature. Sadr, who grew up in this era, can give full play to his strengths and become the most outstanding figure in this field. At that time, many pornographic literary works were still handed down and even recognized as excellent literary works, except Sadr. For the facts in this respect, please refer to Lai Shou. As we know, the18th century was the age of enlightenment in Europe. In this era, human beings are facing from darkness to light, from bondage to liberation, from ignorance to wisdom. Human beings began to think about their position and importance in the universe, so as to dare to challenge the supreme authority of theocracy and monarchical power, all appeal to reason. Enlightenment is the only means to be rational and the only way to get rid of ignorance and bondage. According to the philosopher Kant, enlightenment is to achieve cognition without relying on the guidance of others. In their book Dialectics of Enlightenment, Theodor Adorno and Max Hamo of Frankfurt School interpreted the philosophical significance of Thaad's works related to enlightenment thought according to Kant's point of view. They believe that Thaad's works bear witness to the philosophical fact that "cognition can be achieved without the guidance of others". In short, Thad lifted the harshness of the middle class.
Since Thaad came to the stage in the early 20th century, it has become a trend to study his works and characters in France, and many discussion articles, monographs and biographies have come out one after another. 1990, the famous "la Pl iade" began to publish the complete works of his novels one after another, officially announcing Sade's status as a great classical writer. 199 1 year, Mau-rice Lever, a famous French historian, published Sade: une Biographie, which has a simplified Chinese translation published by China Social Sciences Press. This is by far the best and most detailed biography of Thad. This 800-page biography records all the actions of Sadr's life, including his aristocratic family, his pornographic criminal record, and so on. Compared with some previous biographies, this biography is more authoritative and readable, because its author can obtain valuable first-hand information held by Sadr's descendants, such as many unpublished letters and files. After reading this biography, we will know that Sade is not only a great sex offender and a great erotic writer, but also an outstanding letter writer. These valuable biographical materials open an all-round perspective for us to understand Sade's writing talent, and we can also be more sure that Sade is indeed a great style.
Although Sade was a born writer, he really showed his talent and style in his writing at a rather late stage, that is, from 1778 to 1790, that is, between the ages of 38 and 50, and he was imprisoned for 12 years in the second stage of his life. As early as before this period, Thad had written something one after another, and he claimed to be a writer himself, but he was not recognized. Long before his first imprisonment, he had been doodling with some friends in the aristocratic circle, including his father and his father's uncle. But in the prison life of 12 years, he and his wife wrote "One hundred and twenty days in Sodom", and he really established his excellent writing style. He began to know how to use unique language to shape his own style. Long-term extreme loneliness and extensive reading (it is said that he has a personal library with as many as 600 books in prison) have pushed an inexperienced Sade into a mature and stable Sade, Roland? In his book Sade, Fourier and loyola, Bart wrote: "It is because he is in a kind of extreme loneliness that he feels fear, and then his fear becomes desire. For him, this desire is an irresistible desire to write. This desire, combined with the power of a terrible and irresistible language, makes writing possible. He wants to say everything he has in his heart. " Obviously, One Hundred and Twenty Days of Sodom is the product of this situation. It is from this work that Sade is recognized as a great writer of style. Simon? Ms. Pova wrote in Should We Burn Sade? Faut-il Brü lesade said: "He was an ordinary man before he went to prison, but he became a great writer after he got out of prison. This sentence is legendary, but it is suitable for Sade. In extreme loneliness and boredom, he created an extraordinary and incredible pornographic world with extraordinary imagination and language. He only lived in the language he created, and all the adventures of life disappeared, and everything was replaced by language symbols.
Sade (1740- 18 14), known as the originator of erotic novels, is full of legends all his life and is one of the most controversial erotic writers in history. Marquis de Sade was born in a noble family in Provence in the south of France. His father, Count Sadr, spent his whole life in military and diplomatic career. After many years abroad, he was a slut. Sade was sent to Provence between the ages of five and ten, and was raised by his uncle, Father Sade, who was the abbot. His learned uncle was familiar with Voltaire and was also a cynical and notorious prodigal son. Although he was a priest, he openly lived with a mother and daughter, and was imprisoned for misconduct in 1762. When Sade was about ten years old, her mother was disheartened and decided to abandon her husband and children and live in seclusion in a monastery. Scholars believe that Sadr's later works are obviously hostile to his mother and women, which is related to his lack of maternal love since childhood, his self-recognition of being abandoned by his mother, and his mother-in-law later framed him for imprisonment. Lacking the care and training of his mother, and exposed to the dissolute life of his father and uncle, Sade soon became infected with the idleness of the nobles at that time, eating, drinking, whoring and gambling everywhere, and even shared a mistress with his father. Young Thad is like a runaway wild horse, addicted to pleasure all day long, with only the enjoyment of the present in his eyes and no future at all. His father realized that the only way to save this worthless "rogue" was to help him find a wife as soon as possible. 1763, Sadr refused to marry the judge's daughter under the condition that his father's orders could not be violated. However, after marriage, Sadr's cynical idleness not only did not converge slightly, but intensified. In just a few years, he has been in and out of prison many times because of a series of scandals. Later, he even spared his sister-in-law, and the young couple eloped to Italy, which made the mother-in-law who had tolerated his abnormal behavior many times and even tried to help him get away with it unbearable. She decided to put her righteousness above family interests and use family privileges to lock her up without trial.
1768, Thad, who was only 38 years old, was imprisoned for two months for cheating and flogging a woman looking for a job. Since then, she has been divorced from society and can only get comfort from the imaginary world she has built. During the period from 170 1 to 180 1, Thad was jailed for similar acts several times. After the French Revolution, he was once released from prison. 180 1 year, he was imprisoned again for publishing his works. 1803 was diagnosed as "sexual madness" and transferred to a mental hospital. Until 18 14, Sadr died in prison at the age of 74. Because of fornication and adultery,
Later scholars named active sadism, that is, liking to abuse others, as sadism, that is, sadism.
Together with the name of Austrian writer Massock, he is called sadistic masochist, which means sexual abuse in Chinese. Dr. Li Yinhe called him sadistic masochist.
Sade's theory: In Sade's view, any individual's will and behavior are worthless to the process of nature, only the continuation of life is meaningful, and how life moves is meaningless to nature. What is meaningful to nature is only the renewal of the material world. Murder, war or deadly violence can all serve this goal of nature, because they will only accelerate the renewal of matter. Compassion, kindness or all other virtues are unnatural, because it helps the weak to prolong the time it should have lived, thus slowing down the process of natural renewal.
Therefore, from a philosophical point of view, it is absurd to regulate one's behavior by virtue, unless this virtue can be a means of winning or can bring pleasure.
He also said that the world is an evil world, and nature is full of evil. Virtue is unreal, and the efforts of goodness and virtue are hopeless, and will eventually be defeated and destroyed. However, human sin brings wealth, happiness and strength, and sin makes people strong.
"among our kind, there are some such people whose behavior is shocking and contemptible ... but it is useless to just punish them or preach, because the germination of their eccentric temperament is often involuntary. At this point, you and I are ignorant, regardless of their origin ... fools oppose me and say that those people I describe are demons. If we look at them in the traditional way, they are indeed demons … but they are tools planned by' nature' to realize its laws. Nature gives them a brutal and bloody character, which is the true face of life. "
Sade emphasized that cruel happiness is completely natural, and society is an unnatural structure that hinders the process of natural development. Nature doesn't care about individuals called "evil". It looks at war, persecution and dictatorship with loving eyes. There is no property naturally, so stealing is not a crime. There is no difference between murder and natural death, but the molecules of life are reorganized.
Most of his manuscripts were destroyed in prison, and less than a quarter of his works survived, but only a small part was amazing. Interestingly, among the writers, no one is more eye-catching than his works. 1The famous sexual psychologist Havelock Lock Ellis once called Thad's works "18th century encyclopedia of sexual perversion". His main existing works include Justine (178 1), Sodoma 120 days (1785), Irene and Valcour (1788) and the philosopher in the boudoir.