Jumachi, an ancient country name, was first seen in Hanshu Geography. "Hanshu Geography Song Si County History Sentence Hometown Note" Ying Shao said: Therefore, it is the country of sentence hometown. Shigu said: This sentence sounds good. It is a mystery left by the ancients to future generations. Because this involves the credibility of Jumachi, an ancient country, today and where, that is, whether it should be restored to its original historical appearance. Therefore, since its name appeared in Hanshu, people have been fighting for it. "Biography of the Han Dynasty in Southwest China": There is a record that "Wuhou Bo of Tianjin made meritorious service as the king of Tianjin". As for whether Houjin City was made king, there is no record. Yunnan Tongzhi has been published for seventeen years: "In the fifth year of Zhao Han (82 BC), Hou joined the army ..." The Biography of Han Southwest: "In the sixth year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (8 1 year BC), Hou was made king". According to this rule, the town gave Hou a seal before joining the army. According to historical records, the ancient country of Jumachi existed not only in the Han Dynasty, but at least before it. However, due to incomplete information, it is difficult to find physical evidence, which has not been completely solved and a definite answer has been obtained so far.
In this paper, I try to make a bold distinction between the question of where the ancient Jumachi country is today and the academic opinions on the textual research of the location of Jumachi, adding a historical proof to the fact that the ancient Jumachi country was originally in Guangnan.
1. The birthplace of Otmachi is in Guangnan.
The birthplace and ruling scope of Tianjin are clearly recorded in the history books, and many experts have incisive textual research; Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi contains: In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu's Ding Yuan (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), Pingnan Yi was named the fourth county of Song Dynasty, commanding Yelang, Juding and other counties 17. "Geography of Hanshu" contains: "Settle down, saying that water increases grain in the east (today's Tiandong to Wuming area) and becomes a depression. There is land and water, and water is cut off when it comes to fine water." Mr. Wang Xianqian's Supplement to the History of Han Dynasty said: The giant tripod is "between John John Bowring (now Guangnan), Baise, Sicheng and Zhen 'an" and "its land is in the south, connected with Jiaozhi and Yulin counties." "Shui Jing Zhu Wen Shui" says: "Literature is like running water, which leads to the source of Songzhou. Wenxiang Water, Mengshui Water and Luxu Water, which come from the east of the county to Yuguang to Zengshi County, are purified and cut off, and injected into yeyu. "New usurped Yunnan annals" contains: "Wenxiang water flows westward today, and Luwei water is its tributary. "According to the survey, Xiyang River originated at the foot of Jiulong Mountain in Guangnan County, and its main tributaries include Babao River, Ayong River and Xiban River, all of which meet from the east of Guangnan City, then join Tuoniang River to form Youjiang River, and then join with Zuojiang River in Yongning, Guangxi to form Yujiang River. It can be seen that the historical records of past dynasties are completely consistent with the objective reality. This fully proves that Guangnan is the birthplace of Ju Gu Town, and Liancheng Town in Guangnan, located on the west coast of the western ocean, is the seat of Ju Gu Town Palace, that is, Ju Gu Town House. Jiulong Mountain is located at the junction of Zhetai, Zhetu, Zhetu and Zhetu, which is a sacred "Yi" mountain of Zhuang nationality. It is named after nine streams flowing out of the mountain. In the virgin forest of the mountain, there are Sun Shenshu, Zushenshu, Zhai Shenshu, Yesanqi and Shizu. The locals said, "Guju Town is a country with mountains and water". This is its birthplace. Since ancient times, this region has nurtured an ecological culture in which man and nature live in harmony. The local Zhuang people worship Zi every year, and regard it as the spiritual pillar of village community development and the bond of ethnic unity. Professor Jiang's "Tomb of Bronze Drum in Xilin, Western Han Dynasty and Giant Dingguo" contains: "The historical situation and history of Xilin area in the early Western Han Dynasty are unknown. The local chronicles compiled in the past only generally say that this is the geographical compilation of Guangxi Tongzhi Draft in Juding County, Yizhou, Han Dynasty, mimeographed 1949. According to the geographical records in Hanshu, Jumachi County was established in the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), and the name of Jumachi County, which was quoted by Ying Shao in Hanshu, came from the "Old Jumachi Country". Therefore, there should be a Jumachi family first. That is to say, in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that place in Jinshi County was once the settlement of Tianjin people ... According to the records of the activities of Tianjin people in the Biography of the Southwest of Han Dynasty, it can be seen that it is adjacent to Louwo in the north (now Luoping, Yunnan, Xingyi, Guizhou) and Yelang (now western Guizhou), reaching Xingyi, Guizhou; The south is close to Sangzi (now the mouth of Yunnan Province) and the Red River. It connects Yunnan (near Kunming, Yunnan) and Tonghe (Maitreya, Yunnan) in the west, and is connected with the upper reaches of Nanpanjiang River. Its scope is very large. " According to this, Ci Hai, officially published by the country after liberation, records: "The giant tripod is the name of the ancient county. "Sentence" is a hook, and the ancient sentence is also a country. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), Jianxian County was established. Governance is located in Guangnan County, Yunnan Province. The Southern Dynasties were abolished. "
To sum up, the birthplace of Jumachi should be in Guangnan, and its headquarters should be in the southeast of Yunnan and the west of Guangxi. With the entry into mulberry, the alliance with Lv Lie and the refusal to be crowned king, as well as the successive decline of Yunnan and Yelang, Jumachi once flourished, and the scope of its rule also expanded, including all Wenshan Prefecture in Yunnan Province, the central and eastern Honghe Prefecture, and parts of Yuxi, Qujing and Baise in Guangxi.
Second, the existence time and territory of the giant maqi country
Jumachi entered the class society earlier. Before the Han dynasty, the slave regime was established, with "the city governing the people" and relatively strong armed forces. It is a larger country among "South, China and vassal States". In the first year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (86-80 BC), Yu Ye rose up and made contributions because he helped the Han Dynasty to pacify his aunt, and its leader, Wu Bo, was named the "King of the Giant Ding" (The Biography of Han Dynasty Southwest Yi), which had a special position in Southwest Yi. "Huayang Guozhi Nanzhongzhi" contains: "Nanzhong, what is the number of Dianpu, Juzhuo and Yelang kingdoms on the land once covered by barbarians ...?" It also reads: "Zhu Zhuo, the country of Han, has been sealed up to this day." The Han seal mentioned here refers to that Ding Yuan, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, was awarded by his country when he flattened Nanyi in the sixth year (BC11), so it should be an ancient country before Han Dynasty. By "up to now", I mean that when Chang Cong wrote "The Records of Huayang Country", he happened to be the life of Emperor Jin Mu (344-360 AD). According to historical records, from the sixth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, the Giant Dingguo continued until it was replaced by the Liang Dynasty (865438 BC+0-502 AD). It can be seen that Megamachi has existed for more than 583 years in history. Meng said in "The History of Yue Cong Kao": "The Biography of Southwest Yi has three great names: Yelang, Yunnan and Du Qiong. But look at the Han and Jin Dynasties, Juzhen is also the master of one side. "
Mr. Jiang wrote in "Dai History" that the jurisdiction of Juzhen State is "from the south of Beipanjiang River to the Red River, that is, from Xingyi, Guizhou Province, through Shizong and Maitreya in Yunnan Province to Jianshui, to Wenshan Prefecture in the southeast and a part of the upper reaches of Zuoyou River in Guangxi. According to the investigation, the original territories of Jumachi are Wenshan Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province and Xilin, Longlin, Tianlin, leye county, Lingyun and northern Vietnam in Baise City in Guangxi. By the time Wu Bo was crowned queen, she entered its heyday, and the ruling area had expanded to Dianchi Lake in the northwest, covering an area of about 80,000 square kilometers, spanning Yin Si County and Yizhou County at that time. "Geography of Hanshu" contains: "Juzhou, like the east water, increases food and enters the depression", and the ancient note in the book says: "Its land is in the south of Juzhou County, connected with Jiaozhi County and Yulin County. "Today, it is known that Yujiang River is formed by the confluence of two rivers, which are located in Yongning County, Nanning. It can be seen that the southeast of Jucho has reached the northwest of Nanning. In Han Dynasty, xian county was under the jurisdiction of Yizhou Assassination Department. According to Meng's evaluation: "Records of Ming Di in the History of Han Dynasty: Baxiang County belonged to Xianxiang in the fifth year of Yuanfeng (76 BC), so Juding should belong to Xianxiang County". It can be seen that the southern border of Sentence Town reaches the northern part of Vietnam. In Qing Dynasty, Hong's "History of the Three Kingdoms" and Xie Zhongying's "Table of the Three Kingdoms" both said: "Xingyi County in Guizhou is now within the town".
Three. Tianjin city and its people
Historians and ethnologists' research on national history shows that Zhuang nationality originated from Guyue people in China, and Guyue people were divided into two groups: European and Luoyue people. Ou people, also known as Xiyue people, mainly live in the vast areas from Lingnan to Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Vietnam. Today, Zhuang, Dai, Dong, Buyi, Shui and Gelao in China are all from Xi 'ou and Yue. The ancient Yue people living in ancient Yunnan, Guizhou and the upper reaches of the left and right rivers in Guangxi all called themselves Puhe Liao, while the Zhuang people living in Guangnan today call themselves Punong and preach. Shazhi calls himself Buyi, Buyi, Bree, etc. And Tuzhi calls himself Budai and Buliao, and he calls it Tulao, etc. Therefore, "Pu" and "Pu" are homologous, "Pu" and "Bu" are homophones, and "Liao" and "Lao" are homophones. Its basis is as follows: The General History of Zhuang Nationality contains: "A hundred schools of thought are a hundred schools of thought", which had different names for the Yue nationality in the south of the Yangtze River in different periods in ancient times; In the east of China, there are Yueguo, Shanyue, Minyue (now Zhejiang, Fujian and Anhui provinces), Nanyue (now Guangdong and Guangxi provinces), Ou, Luoyue (now most of Guangxi and southern Guizhou and southeastern Yunnan), Dianyue (western Yunnan) and Shang Yue (northern Vietnam). "A Brief History of Ancient Yunnan" records: "Southern China (now Yunnan, Guizhou and parts of southern Sichuan) has been a land of barbarians since ancient times ... Southeast Yunnan, Southwest Yunnan and Qianxi are inhabited by Liao people (Vietnamese) and ordinary people".
"Huayang Guozhi Nanzhong Zhi" contains: "Nanzhong, what are the numbers of Dianpu, Juding, Yelang ... on the land once covered by barbarians?" And it also contains "Juding County, so Juding Country is also named. Its land is in Feng Pu, Wang Xing, and the Han and Jin Dynasties have been sealed up to now."
Mr. You Zhong, a professor and doctoral supervisor in the history department of Yunnan University, said: "The Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty from 16 BC to 77 1 BC were also called Pu", and he also said: "In the third century BC ... the Pu people in Guizhou and southeastern Yunnan obviously referred to the Baiyue tribe"; Professor Fang Guoyu put it more clearly: "However, Tianjin Pu is the ancestor of later generations' Pu Nong',' Pu Tong' and' Pu Yi'." According to various records, Tianjin is strong, probably mainly Nong people. The hermits in the north of Nanpanjiang River may be mainly Sha people, and the Jinsang people in the east of Honghe River may be mainly Tu people. These groups belong to the Zhuang language family and have close historical origins. It is also said that "Zhuang nationality is a descendant of Guyue people, Nong people, Sha people and modern people in southeast Yunnan, and it is also a branch of Zhuang language family, which was a giant tripod tribe in ancient times". The traditional cultural symbols of Jucho indigenous people (Zhuang people in Yunnan, Guangxi and the border areas between China and Viet Nam, who call themselves Punong, Buyo, Pudai and Buyi) are rice, dry fences and bronze drums ... Many experts and scholars' research shows that Zhuzhuoguo is an ancient country established by the ancestors of Zhuang people.
4. Textual research on information of Jumachi
"History of Han Geography" contains: "Jurong Town, the text is like water in the east, to increase grain into the depression, while Luwei Water, with fine water, intercepts water." "Notes on Water Classics Warm Water" says: "Warm water flows to Zengshi County in the east, and there are words like water injection, and its water source is Guangding County." The elephant water referred to in the data is the Xiyang River and Tuoniang River in Guangnan and Funing County today. All originated in Jiulong Mountain, Zhetu Township, Guangnan County. The Atlas of Chinese History was published in 1982. All maps from Qin and Han Dynasties to the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty also marked the current Xiyang River as a cultural elephant, and Guangnan as the location of Jumachi House. In the 15th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 18 10), Southern Yunnan Magazine, edited by Shanghai Cao, made textual research on the ancient sentence town country and ancient sentence town county, and held that: "Sentence town country is between ancient and Yelang in eastern Yunnan, isolated from southern Yi, and its road is dangerous." Here, the geographical location of the town country is worth considering.
In ancient times, the so-called "country" originally meant tribe. (See Guo Moruo's Criticism of Ten Books: Self-criticism of Ancient Learning). Therefore, the jurisdiction of the ancient town should only be a small tribe.
Juchomachi ancient country and Juchomachi ancient county have historical origins. In the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 165438+ BC 0 1), Jumachi County may be located in the original ancient country of Jumachi, or it may be said that it originated from the ancient country of Jumachi.
The Han Dynasty opened Yunnan as Yizhou, Yelang and Zhang Si counties. (Talk before Yizhou. "Geography of Hanshu" contains: "In the second year of Yuanfeng (BC 109), Yizhou County was opened; In Yin Si County, Dingyuan Emperor opened for six years (BC 1 165438). " It proves that xian county opened two years earlier than Yizhou County. (Yizhou County mentioned here is Yizhou County which governs Chuxiong, Qujing, Kunming, Honghe, Wenshan and other places' not Yizhou County in Shu and Chengdu).
The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names of China edited by Su Li, Hong Kong Branch of the Commercial Press, has a total of 195 pages; "Other towns and counties, Korea. The old city is now five miles northeast of Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. "
The first volume (47 1) of Ci Yuan (1979 edition) says: "The giant tripod, the name of Han county, belongs to the county. The land is in Mengzi County, Yunnan Province today. "
The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China contains: Ju Ding, a country of southwest nationalities in the Han Dynasty, is now a Taoist temple in Mengzi, Yunnan. "
The dictionary of historical place names in China (1980 edition) in Lingyun study room records: "Jumachi, the old Jumachi country, is located in Han Zhi county and belongs to Zhang Si county. The Eastern Han Dynasty belonged to Yizhou County. Xinggu county, Ningzhou, metal. During the Southern Song Dynasty, it was caused by the Southern Qi Dynasty. Tang was changed to Tonghai County. Today, Wuli in the northeast of Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. "
Professor Fang Guoyu's "Table of Counties and Counties in Yunnan in the Western Han Dynasty" lists: "Juding belongs to Xiansi County and is located in Guangnan, Funing and Baise, Guangxi."
"Yunnan Tongzhi" Volume 17: "Hook Town, also known as the Town of Sentences. Korea is a county (now in the area of Guangnan and Guizhou).
Kunming Daily1June 4, 987, ancient and modern Spring City, Weizhen Zhang Anti-Mang Uprising: "Juding belongs to Zhang Yu County, in the north of Wenshan Prefecture."
"Thirty Years Supplement to Guangnan House" contains: "... since ancient times. Yizhou Town in the southwest, Jinsang Tribal Area, Jixian County in the Western Han Dynasty, belongs to xian county. "
The above scholars have different opinions and no physical evidence, which makes people disagree. The author believes that; Jumachi, an ancient country, is well documented in Guangnan today.
1. The Reduced Edition of Cihai, published by Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, August 1983, page 328 reads: "Jumachi Prefecture is located in Guangnan County, Yunnan Province."
Secondly, in the fifth series of Wenshan Literature and History Materials, Dai Qilin's The Establishment and Evolution of Guangnan quoted Wang Xianqian's supplementary comment on Hanshu: "The Great Ding is in John John Bowring (now Guangnan County) ..."
Thirdly, according to the 1975 edition of Atlas of Chinese History, the geographical position of Jumachi in several historical periods, such as the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms Shu Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty, is marked in the direction of Guangnan today.
Fourthly, on the stone wall of Tonghe Cave on the left side of Banyi Reservoir, about 5 kilometers west of Guangnan County, there is a signature sentence, Xia Yuan.
Personally, in the fifty-first year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (17 12), there was an ancient poem with five words: "In mid-spring, I accompanied Old Master Q, the county magistrate, to swim across the river."
Five horses looked at the cliff valley, and the wild voices screamed. Sometimes, there is nothing to say.
The cliff is suspected of painting, and fairy tales are not allowed. Spring is better in the south, and new Huangyuan blossoms.
Tourists can't travel everywhere, choose Baiyun to win. The quiet stream turns and birds are singing in the sky.
Take pine to explore the magic path, and hit the stone to get the golden sound. Dust worries go leisurely, smoke clouds have two sleeves in spring.
Sentence Town Xia Yuan (3) Poetry "
The word "Jucho" before the signature of the five-character ancient poem in Tonghe Cave, which was first witnessed in Guangnan, is close to historical facts.
Fifth, in September 2007, a large tomb of Guo Muhan was excavated in Mu Yi Village, Heizhiguo Township, Guangnan County. Its tomb is 5. 1 m long, 4.2 m wide and 1.95 m high, which is equivalent to the tombs of ancient Dian and the kings of ancient Dian. This tomb is made of ancient wood from top to bottom, with three floors and a head box in it. More than 40 precious cultural relics, such as yellow glazed pottery, bamboo tubes and lacquer fungus cups, were unearthed from the tombs. Yellow glazed pottery pots were extremely rare at that time, and they were probably the "golden altar" for deboning and rebury; The neatly written bamboo tube (wooden slips) of Chinese characters should be buried at that time; At the bottom of the lacquer mushroom cup and lacquer tray, there are also the words "Wang" and "Wang Cheng" in the Bamboo Book. This tomb is probably the tomb of Wang Cheng of Jumachi. It is less than the "Azhang bronze drum" unearthed in Baiyanjiao, Azhang Huaguo Village, Heizhi country 19 19 (now in Yunnan Provincial Museum, the treasure of the town hall). Many exquisite bronzes, such as bronze dings and axes, have been unearthed there, and there are still many to be discovered. Guo Hua is called "Red Valley" by Zhuang people, which means the residence of the old king. Accordingly, many experts and scholars also said: "This is the cemetery of the king of Tianjin, and the capital of Tianjin should be Guangnan, which is the embodiment of historical records and unearthed cultural relics. It is true to uncover the mystery that the capital of Tianjin is located in Guangnan. This is an indisputable topic.
At present, many scholars have different views and should restore the truth of historical facts. I wrote this article with the intention of attracting jade, and my humble opinion is inevitably biased. I hope experts and scholars can give me some advice.
Note: ① Renchen: Fifty-one years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 17 12). ② Zhong: Zhong Yunyuan, whose word vibrates China. A word of fun, Tieling people, Qing Kangxi Ren Chen years as Guangnan magistrate. ③ Xia Yuan: Guangnan native.
(Author: Chairman of Guangnan Federation of Literary and Art Circles, Executive Vice President of Jucho Historical and Cultural Research Association, Editor-in-Chief of Bamei Magazine, Director of Yunnan Zhuang Society, Vice President of Guangnan Zhuang Society)