Life and Works Kant was born in a small handicraft family in Konigsberg, East Prussia (which belonged to the Soviet Union after World War I and was later renamed Kaliningrad). /kloc-entered the university of konigsberg in 0/740, and 1755 received his doctorate in Latin paper "On Fire". 1755 The General History of Nature and the Theory of Celestial Bodies, published anonymously, opened a gap in the metaphysical view of nature that has long dominated people's minds for the first time. 1766 served as deputy director of the Royal Library, 1770 was promoted to professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Konigsberg, and presented a paper "Forms and Principles of the Sensed World and the Rational World" for defense. After 1755, Kant published other works, such as the only possible basis for demonstrating the existence of God, trying to introduce the concept of negative quantity into philosophy, an investigation of beauty and lofty feelings, explaining a man's dream with metaphysical dreams, and on the basic basis for distinguishing different positions in space. 1769 is a crucial year for the development of Kant's philosophical thought. Influenced by British empiricism, especially D. Hume's significance about the inevitability of causality, he suddenly woke up from the "arbitrary dream" of Leibniz-Wolff school philosophy. The transition from "pre-crisis period" to "crisis period" began. 1780, Kant wrote Critique of Pure Reason, and his philosophical thought entered a critical period. During the period of 178 1 ~ 1790, three masterpieces, Critique of Pure Reason, Introduction to Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment, which constitute the critical philosophy system, came out one after another. In addition, an introduction to all metaphysics in the future and the origin of moral metaphysics have been published. In Germany, Kant's popularity is growing, and his new philosophy has a growing influence in Germany. 1792 Chairman of Philosophy Department of Berlin Academy of Sciences. Kant's works published in the 1990s from 65438 to 2008 include On Permanent Peace, Metaphysical Principles of Law, Metaphysical Principles of Ethics, Debate on Subjectivity, Anthropology of Practice, and Logic, Physical Geography and Pedagogy edited and published by his friends before his death. The Chinese versions of Kant's works are: General History of Nature and Theory of Celestial Bodies. The Chinese version is called Introduction to the Development History of the Universe, published by Shanghai People's Publishing House,1972; Critique of Pure Reason, translated by Lan, published by the Commercial Press1960; Introduction to all future metaphysics, translated in Chinese as Introduction to any future metaphysics that can appear as science, translated by Pang, published by the Commercial Press,1978; The Origin of Moral Metaphysics, translated by Tang Yue, published by the Commercial Press,1957; Criticism of Practical Reason, translated by Guan, published by the Commercial Press1960; The first and second volumes of Critique of Judgment were translated by Zong Baihua and Wei Zhuomin and published by the Commercial Press 1964.
Philosophical thought ① Criticize philosophy first. In the early critical period, Kant vividly explained the relationship between the various parts of the infinite universe in space in his anonymous General History of Nature and Theory of Celestial Bodies, and explored the origin of celestial bodies and the laws of their movement and change. The "nebula theory" which is of great significance in the history of astronomy is put forward. He was based on Newtonian mechanics, but he surpassed Newton in the world view. During this period, he thought that God was an omnipresent rational order and doubted the law of cause and effect. Put forward the view that moral behavior is fundamentally determined by individual will.
② Transitional philosophy. At the end of 65438+60' s, Kant comprehensively considered Hume's question about causality. He appreciates Hume's empirical analysis of the origin of the concept of causality, which is very enlightening, but resolutely opposes Hume's wrong conclusion of denying the inevitability of causality. During the transitional period, he mainly considered three issues: the universality, inevitability and objective effectiveness of Euclidean geometry and natural science; The possibility of human freedom; The nature of space and time inevitably involves the above two aspects.
(3) Critical philosophy. During this period, Kant established a unique critical philosophy system, including epistemology with transcendentalism, dualism and agnosticism as its basic characteristics, as well as ethics and aesthetics on this basis.
Evaluating and influencing Kant's philosophical thought is a special manifestation of German bourgeois enlightenment thought in the18th century, and a high degree of speculation is a feature of this thought. Speculation tends to keep a distance from reality, so when this idea involves the realistic political requirements of the citizen bourgeoisie, it is bound to be weak. On the other hand, speculation is an important condition for deep thinking.
The influence of Kant's philosophy on later generations is twofold. For Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, he was the pioneer of German philosophical revolution and played a positive role. But in the 1960s, the German bourgeoisie used the speculative lofty ideals of Kant's philosophy to deal with the proletarian revolutionary movement. At this time, there was a call for "returning to Kant" or even "to understand Kant, we must surpass Kant", with the aim of explaining Kant from the standpoint of complete idealism. This is how the Second International Revisionism and Neo-Kantianism emerged. At the end of 19, voluntarists, positivists and pragmatists of different schools also accepted the certain influence of Kant's philosophy. Marx and Engels exposed and commented on Kant's idealism. On the eve of the October Revolution, Lenin systematically analyzed and criticized Kant's philosophy. In recent decades, Kant's philosophy is still an important subject in western philosophy, which has great influence.