Abstract |: College students' illegal crime is a social problem, which has aroused widespread concern in society. This paper mainly sorts out and evaluates the research results of contemporary domestic college students' criminal psychology from the aspects of psychological characteristics, criminal reasons and psychological intervention measures.
Keywords: college students' criminal psychological problems
China Library Classification Number: D924 Document Identification Number: A Document Number:1009-0592 (2013) 06-230-02.
At present, our country is in the transition period of all aspects of society, and the deep-seated contradictions and problems in the reform are gradually emerging. Coupled with the influence of the complex and changeable international situation, the number of college students' illegal and criminal cases has increased year by year. According to the statistics of relevant departments, there are more than 400 kinds of crimes stipulated in the specific provisions of China's criminal law, and college students' crimes have involved at least five kinds of dozens of them, covering political, economic, criminal and other aspects. Teenagers in universities are basically mature physically, but their psychological development is quite unstable. When some psychological contradictions and conflicts are not resolved in time, it may lead to college students' criminal psychology.
First, the inherent psychological characteristics of college students' illegal crimes
(A) cognitive characteristics
From the cognitive characteristics, there are three main viewpoints. The first view is that college students' illegal and criminal behavior is related to their low cognitive level. For example, Wei Qingxin (2005) believes that some college students have a low level of understanding, and their understanding of morality, law and discipline is ignorant and confusing, even to the point of reversing right and wrong and black and white, so that they have embarked on the road of illegal crimes. The second view is that the cognitive development level of college students has reached a very high stage, but it is not mature and stable enough to lead to crime. For example, Pei Tao and others (2009) think that because college students at this stage can't reasonably connect the theoretical knowledge they have learned with the practical experience of the real society, their views are one-sided, extreme and limited. When dealing with complicated and intractable problems, it is often difficult to control one's emotions and behaviors, and once there is a criminal tendency, it becomes difficult to suppress it. The third view is that college students' illegal crimes are caused by the confusion of their cognitive development. The reform of education system, the drastic change of economic structure, the corruption of some societies, the conflict between material pursuit and spiritual pursuit, the conflict between ability and social expectation, the conflict between ideal and social reality and so on. , will cause psychological conflict and cognitive deviation of college students.
(2) Emotional characteristics
Most scholars believe that college students are easy to be impatient, not calm and emotional, not good at controlling their emotions with reason, lacking respect and sympathy for others, and reckless when encountering things. For example, college students who violate the law and commit crimes usually lack social emotions, have low and vulgar emotional experience, have negative emotions with bad tendencies (such as jealousy and anger), and self-esteem and inferiority coexist. In addition, the emotional reaction of college students is unstable and impulsive, and its instability is mainly manifested in frequent and rapid emotional changes, while impulsiveness is mainly manifested in emotional distress, which can not effectively and timely alleviate bad emotions, leading to the accumulation of negative emotions and illegal and criminal acts. The conflict between strong communication needs and self-isolation is also an important reason for the formation of college students' criminal psychology. In interpersonal communication, college students are often locked in psychological activities, cautious and suspicious, and unwilling to reveal their inner world. But at the same time, they also have a strong desire to be understood and communicate with others, thus forming a contradiction between self-isolation and desire to communicate, thus causing emotional and emotional troubles. Because of their shallow social experience, college students are easily tempted to commit crimes in complex social life.
(3) the characteristics of will
The existing research shows that the weak willpower of college students has a significant impact on illegal and criminal acts. The values of college students have not yet been finalized. When faced with all kinds of temptations from society, their willpower will be severely tested. Therefore, they are regarded as criminals? Susceptible population? . On the one hand, it is the will activity required by society, which is difficult to achieve and appears weak willpower. Under the temptation of external incentives, it is easy to make will activities deviate from the right direction; On the other hand, in order to satisfy their own desires and needs, they will do everything possible to eliminate the subjective and objective obstacles in the implementation of anti-social tendency activities, showing strong willpower. In addition, some scholars believe that the existence of fluky psychology is also one of the main characteristics of college students' criminal psychology. For example, Yao Lan (200 1) pointed out that among these college students,? It's not that many people don't know that their actions are illegal and criminal, but that they are driven to take risks to achieve their personal goals because they think they can succeed? . Does fluky psychology promote college students' criminal consciousness? Externalization? The psychological mechanism of.
(4) Personality and behavioral characteristics
The expansion of self-awareness is an important psychological feature of college students. When personal wishes fail, college students in this state of consciousness tend to reduce people's social needs, doubt themselves excessively, suppress their enthusiasm, and may cause serious emotional injuries and inner conflicts. Their psychological experience is often accompanied by more feelings of inferiority, blindness, loss of self-confidence, depression, weak will, loneliness and depression. Some college students may even lose their minds, and their behavior cannot be regulated and controlled by social morality and legal norms, thus committing crimes. There are three extreme personality types among college students who commit crimes: vanity, irritability and depression. Vanity-type people have too high honor demand structure, strong vanity, heavy fame and wealth, and strong jealousy; Grumpy people are grumpy, have poor social adaptability, are prone to disputes with others, and are more likely to cause vicious incidents; People with depression are introverted, withdrawn, addicted to inner experience and overly sensitive, and sometimes try to eliminate their mental burden through external excessive behavior. Wei Qingxin (2005) thinks that the behavior characteristics of college students' illegal crimes are imitative, impulsive, fierce, entertaining, changeable and corrective, and college students' criminal motives are easily caused by external incentives, which are unstable, emotional and unconscious.
(5) Personality disorder
People with personality disorders will repeatedly deviate from social norms under the control of abnormal psychology. There is a close relationship between college students' crime and personality disorder. The common personality disorders of college students are paranoia, schizophrenia, explosion, compulsion and hysteria. People with these personality disorders are usually difficult to get along with others, lack a sense of social responsibility, and cannot be reasonably attributed when encountering difficulties. They are stubborn, suspicious and hateful. Due to the extreme development of some personality characteristics of college students, they have great negative control over their own behavior, which leads to crime. At the same time, the abnormal behavior of college students is also a reflection of their abnormal personality. For example, college students who commit theft are generally greedy, selfish, vain and suspicious. Violent criminals are impulsive, suspicious, suspicious and despicable.
Second, the external factors of college students' crime
family factors
The education of family and parents is very important to the life growth of college students. What path college students take and how to grow up are closely related to their families. Individual college students embark on the road of illegal crime, which is directly related to their families. Overindulgence of the family, the negative influence of family members' relationship and personality, and the influence of bad cultural atmosphere in the family are all causes of college students' crime? Family education mistakes? . Family factors that cause college students' criminal psychology include: incomplete families, problem families and poor families.
(B) School factors
Schools play a leading role in cultivating students' personality and conduct, and play an important role in the growth of college students. In today's society, the lack of humanistic spirit on campus is considered as the deepest ideological root of college students' crime. The research of He Gui (1996) found that the school factors that lead to college students' crimes mainly come from three groups of opposing contradictions: the contradiction between students' personality cultivation and personality shaping, the contradiction between the concept of teaching content and social reality, and the contradiction between teachers' lofty occupation and the inaction of a few teachers. In addition, the weak ideological and political education in colleges and universities, loopholes in school management and other factors will also have a negative impact on college students' crimes.
(3) Social factors
1. Social anomie
French sociologist Durkheim? Anomie? It is defined as a social state: the original social value norms have been destroyed, and it is impossible to continue to control and regulate the behavior of social members; Social members lack the guidance of clear values, people can't find their accurate position in society, and it is difficult to adapt to the changes of social life, which leads to dissatisfaction, depression, conflict and deviant behavior. In the transitional period of China, social anomie is mainly manifested in the disorder of social order caused by the imbalance of local social system, the negative effect brought by the differentiation and reorganization of social structure, and the disorder of social value evaluation system caused by the diversification of social value orientation. Social anomie will make some college students who have poor ability to distinguish right from wrong and lack social experience feel confused and at a loss, thus making some young people who have lost their normative constraints deviate in the process of socialization; At the same time, it also reduces the possibility of natural mutual monitoring and informal mutual control between people, and increases the probability of college students committing crimes.
2. Cultural conflict
Sostan? Celine (1938) believes that the essence of cultural conflict is the conflict of values. In a society with unified values and a sense of norms recognized by members of society, cultural conflicts are impossible. However, in the pluralistic and complex contemporary society, it is impossible to unify the values of the whole society and some societies, so it is easy to form conflicts between them. Cultural conflicts in China's social transformation period mainly include two types, namely, vertical cultural conflicts and horizontal cultural conflicts. Among them, the vertical cultural conflict mainly refers to the conflict between traditional social culture and modern social culture, and the conflict between student culture and social (adult) culture; The horizontal cultural conflict includes the conflict between eastern and western cultures, the conflict between urban culture and rural culture, and the conflict between the mainstream culture of orthodox channels and social subculture. The occurrence of college students' illegal and criminal behaviors is always the result of wrong value choices in cultural conflicts, and different types of value choices lead to different types of crimes.
3. The information pollution in the social environment directly affects the psychological health development of college students, especially the traditional media and modern media, which are the main channels of information dissemination, intentionally or unintentionally spread a lot of information containing violent content, which has an inducing effect on the emergence of illegal and criminal acts. The expansion of media reports has led to extreme psychological problems of college students to a certain extent, which will not only make college students who expect others' attention in the late adolescence imitate and identify with extreme behaviors in society, but also make college students solve problems by imitating some extreme behaviors in society.
To sum up, improper family education, inadequate school management and campus culture, and unfavorable social environment will all reduce college students' sense of identity. Wu Dianchao (2008) introduced social control theory into his research. socialbond？ Concept and turn it into. Social tendon? Used to refer to the connection between individuals and traditional society. He believes in college students in China? Social tendon? It consists of three factors: attachment, identity and belief. Who is it? Social tendon? An important part of college education for college students exists in the chain of family, school and society at the same time. But some negative factors in this chain reduce college students' sense of identity, leading to? Social tendon? The chain broke and the crime happened.
Third, the psychological intervention of college students' crimes.
At present, most researchers emphasize the school education of college students' illegal and criminal behavior from the ideological and political point of view. However, at present, there are not many empirical studies on psychological intervention of college students in crime, mainly in the following three aspects:
(A) self-regulation and guidance
At present, the level of mental health education in most colleges and universities in China is still relatively backward. To some extent, college students' self-regulation and prevention are the most important means and measures to avoid crimes caused by psychological problems. Cao Guohui (2005) thinks that college students can realize self-regulation and self-guidance from the following aspects: establishing new suitable pursuit goals; Correctly treat the pressure of study, life and employment; Take the initiative to divert attention and learn to vent yourself correctly; Establish good interpersonal relationships, etc.
(2) group consultation
Wei (20 10) emphasized the application value of group counseling technology in the prevention and correction of college students' criminal psychology from the personality inducement of criminal psychology. In group counseling, he divided 6 1 student into five groups for self-confidence training. Students were tested with 16PF personality factor scale before and after group activities, and their scores were compared. The results show that there are significant differences in the self-confidence of members before and after group activities, and group psychological counseling has a positive impact on the development of members' personality factors. He further suggested that we can make full use of the form of group psychological counseling to provide services for college students' growth needs, problems and setbacks in different periods, promote the formation of their healthy personality and correct personality deviation.
(3) Personality correction
Personality disorder of college students can be corrected by psychoanalytic therapy, behavioral therapy, supportive therapy and cognitive therapy.
Four. Summary and prospect