Title of Main Imperial Examinations in China in Past Dynasties
Filial piety is one of the themes of selecting officials in Han Dynasty, and it is the main way for literati. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, juren was commonly known as filial piety.
A scholar in the Han Dynasty, a leader and pupil, was in charge of state and county inspection through inspection and recruitment of officials. Priests, counties and counties are called masters, and sages who have been promoted and exiled become the disciples of masters and princes. After the imperial examination, the examiner also called himself a protege.
The system of recommending talents to the imperial court in ancient Gong Shi. Since the Tang Dynasty, people who passed the rural tribute examination were called Gong Shi. In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Shi was a candidate for the final exam.
Jinshi means a person who pays tribute. Among the subjects in the Tang Dynasty, Jinshi was the most valued. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinshi was the name of the examinee. Gong Shi passed the provincial examination, and Jinshi was admitted to the palace examination from Gong Shi.
Juren originally refers to the recommended person, which is a general term for the candidates who have paid tribute to various towns and villages in Beijing in previous dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was a special title for people who passed the provincial examination. As a birth qualification, those who pass the exam are called "legal circles" and "developed", or "law" for short, commonly known as "masters".
A scholar was nicknamed "Cai Mao". A general term for outstanding talents in this department. After the Han dynasty, it became one of the subjects to recommend talents. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this subject was the most important. In the early Tang Dynasty, there was a scholar department, which was gradually abolished, only as a general term for ordinary Confucian scholars. Ming Taizu once adopted the method of recommendation, citing dozens of scholars, instead of taking magistrate of a county as an official. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was specially used to address students in Fuzhou and County. It is also called "xianggong" customarily.
The top scholar in the imperial examination is Yuan. In the Tang Dynasty, all juren who went to Beijing had to hand in their papers to take the examination of the Ministry of Rites, so they were called the first scholar in Jinshi, the first place, and also called the champion in the senior high school entrance examination. In Song Dynasty, palace examination was the first scholar. After the examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gong Shi had to take the palace examination, and he was chosen from the top three, and the top three chose one, and the first one was the champion.
Second place in the Imperial Examination, second place in palace examination. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, palace examination's second and third places were both called the second place, which means the eye of the list. The Ming and Qing Dynasties specifically referred to the second place, and the third name was Tan Hua. The second prize was awarded to the editor of the Hanlin Academy.
The third name of exploring flowers in the imperial examination of the Palace Examination is exploring flowers. The first banquet for scholars in Qujiang Xingyuan in Tang Dynasty was called "Flower Exploration Banquet". Twenty-three scholars, handsome men and beautiful women in the same list, as flower messengers, traveled to famous gardens and explored famous flowers. The name of flower exploration began here, and it was also called Flower Exploration Lang in Song Dynasty. After the Southern Song Dynasty, palace examination ranked third. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties remain unchanged. Flower Exploration Award Editor of Hanlin Academy.
In the Tang Dynasty in Xie Yuan, all those who were promoted to Jinshi were sent to the examination by the local authorities, so Xiangyan called Xie Yuan the first place after the provincial examination. It was called Jietou before the Song Dynasty.
In the imperial examination system of Huiyuan, the Han style after the provincial examination was given to Juren, and Huiyuan was the first place for Juren to try Han style.
Palace, the Qing government state school students, who were selected to do business in imperial academy are called. It means to contribute talents to the emperor.
Imperial examination questions
Brief introduction of imperial examination knowledge The imperial examination system has different provisions in different periods. Take the Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example: Scholars must first take the Children's Examination. Participants, regardless of age, are called "Confucian scholars" or "children's students" after admission, which is also called "students", commonly known as "scholars". Scholars are divided into three grades, and the best ones are called "students", and the government gives them food on a monthly basis; The second is the so-called "proliferation", and there is no food supply. "Natural growth" and "proliferation" have certain places; The third is "middle school students", that is, middle school students who have just entered school. Only those who have obtained the qualification of scholar can take the official imperial examination.
The official imperial examination is divided into three grades: Zhongju, Zhongju and palace examination. After obtaining the provincial examination, it is held in the provincial capital every three years, which is called "Darby". The winner is called "Juren". The first name is "Xie Yuan" and the second is "Yayuan". The exam will be held in the spring of the second year after obtaining the provincial exam. The successful candidate was named Gong, and the first one was Huiyuan. The entrance examination was presided over by the emperor himself. Only Gong is qualified to take the exam. It is divided into "top three" admissions. Three scholars in one grade, the first "No.1", the second "No.2" and the third "Hua Tan", will be called "Hua Tan". Erci was born a scholar and was called "Legend". The top three students are the same as Jinshi. "Xie Yuan", "Hui Yuan" and "Top Scholar" are the so-called "three elements".
The appearance of the champion China's imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty and went through the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is an important way for feudal intellectuals in past dynasties to jump into official career. From childhood to the top, there are generally five stages.
All candidates (scholars) of Tong Sheng, regardless of their age, are called Confucian children, which is what is customarily called Tong Sheng.
The college entrance examination is presided over by the provincial academic affairs office. Young students who take the exam are called Jinshi, also known as students, and can generally be called "xianggong"
These two forms are only pre-selection, and the official imperial examination is after the provincial examination, and it has passed the general examination and palace examination.
Once every three years, after having obtained the township entrance examination, Jinshi can take part, and those who take the examination are called juren or master. The first place on the jury is Xie Yuan, and the second to tenth places are Asian Dollars.
After having obtained the provincial examination, it was held in the capital department in the following spring, with the participation of juren, and the first name was Huiyuan.
After passing the palace entrance examination, I will take the palace entrance examination presided over by the emperor himself or by the minister appointed by Qin. Qualified people are collectively referred to as Jinshi, but the first place is the champion, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the flower exploration.
Ancient doctors, masters and bachelors.
Doctor is an official name in ancient China, which first appeared in the Warring States Period. At the time of Qin Shihuang, doctors only served as government advisers. After the Han Dynasty, doctors began to teach as academic officials. In addition to academic officials, doctors also award some professional officials with special skills and knowledge. For example, Dr. Taiyi, Dr. Astronomy, Dr. Bu and so on after Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, people engaged in a certain profession were also commonly known as doctors, such as "Dr. Tea" and "Dr. Wine".
In ancient China, a master usually refers to a highly respected and knowledgeable person, but it is rare in ancient history books, and probably not a formal official name or title. In ancient times, "old gentleman" and "Mr. Confucianism" were often used to refer to those who were learned.
The bachelor's degree first appeared in the Zhou Dynasty, referring to those aristocratic children who were studying in schools, and later gradually became the official name, referring to the general name of learned people and long-term workers. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the bachelor officially became an official who devoted his skills to the imperial court for a long time. By the Tang Dynasty, the position of bachelor had been greatly improved, and he could even participate in the state affairs. Among them, the Hanlin bachelor ranks first among all the bachelors and is the adviser and secretary of the emperor's cronies, so he is often called "the inner phase". In the Song Dynasty, once he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he was expected to be a prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, university students held a prominent position, ranking first among civil servants.