Late Qing Dynasty/imperial academy Period
1In June, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the Imperial edict, which promoted the Reform Movement of 1898. The imperial edict emphasized that "Shi Jing University Hall is advocated by all provinces, so it is better to do it first". 1On July 3, 898, Emperor Guangxu approved the Draft Articles of Association of Shi Jing University Hall drafted by Liang Qichao, formally established Shi Jing University Hall, and appointed Sun Jianai, the official minister and co-organizer of the University Hall, as the first minister in charge of university hall affairs. Subsequently, Sun Jianai appointed Xu Jingcheng as the head teacher of middle school and American missionary Ding Weiliang as the head teacher of western learning. 1September 2, 8981day, Empress Dowager Cixi and the old guard staged a coup, and the Hundred Days Reform failed. However, the auditorium of Shi Jing University was preserved.
Shi Jing University was the highest institution of higher learning and the highest educational administrative organ in China at that time, so many scholars (such as Hu Shi, Feng Youlan, Ji Xianlin, etc. ) It is believed that Peking University is the successor of China imperial academy (imperial academy, Guo Zi School) and the continuation of the ancient highest institution of higher learning in modern times, and even that the history of Peking University should be counted from imperial academy in Han Dynasty; On the other hand, Peking University was the first formally established university in modern China and an epoch-making pioneer of modern higher education in China. Therefore, there is a saying that "inheriting the orthodoxy of imperial college and establishing the ancestral court of university students".
1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out and Taixuetang was destroyed. 1900 On August 3rd, the Qing court ordered the closure of Shi Jing University Hall. After Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing, Shi Jing University Hall was destroyed.
190265438+February, the late Qing government appointed Zhang Baixi, the official department minister, as the management minister and "instructed the manager" of Shi Jing University Hall, which was restored. Wu Rulun and Gu Hongming are principals and deputy directors, while Yan Fu and Lin Shu are general managers and deputy directors of Daxuetang Translation Publishing House. 1862 Shi Jing Wentong Museum, which was founded during the Westernization Movement, was also incorporated into the University Hall. 17 February 17, the opening ceremony was held in the auditorium of Shi Jing University. According to the academic system, graduates with different degrees were awarded the titles of Gong Sheng, Juren and Jinshi respectively.
1903 Newly-added Jinshi Hall, Translation Academy and Medical Hall.
1904, the minister of management of Shi Jing University was changed to the minister of academic affairs, who was responsible for managing the national academic affairs, and a governor of Shi Jing University was established to be responsible for the affairs of Shi Jing University. As a result, Shi Jing University's function of managing national education was separated and became a pure institution of higher learning. In the same year, the Jinshi Pavilion was opened, and the last two imperial examinations in the history of China were enrolled, namely, more than 80 Jinshi from Guimao Division (1903) and more than 30 Jinshi from Chen Jiake (1904). And selected the first batch of 47 students to study abroad, which is the first time that universities in China have sent overseas students.
1905 when imperial academy was closed, a group of students who had not graduated went directly to imperial academy to study.
19 10, Shi Jing University Hall opened a branch school, offering seven subjects including classics, literature, law, politics, business, science, engineering and agriculture, and thirteen subjects, namely, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, China Literature, and China History and Law.
In the early years of the Republic of China/National Peking University (1912-16)1912, Shi Jing University Hall was renamed Peking University, and was immediately crowned as "National", which was the first one in China history. 19 14 years, Hu Renyuan was the president of Peking University. At this time, Huang Kan, Gu Hongming, Qian, Ma Xulun, Tao, Feng Zuxun, He Yujie and Yu Tongkui all taught at Peking University.
Around the May 4th Movement (19 16- 1927)
19 16 12, Cai Yuanpei became the president of Peking University. From 19 16 to 1927, Cai Yuanpei's ten years as president of Peking University was regarded as a glorious period in the history of Peking University, which "laid the tradition and spirit of Peking University". 19 17 1.9 when Peking University started school, Cai Yuanpei delivered a speech at the opening ceremony, and put forward three requirements for students: "stick to the purpose", "sharpen the virtue" and "love teachers and friends". Cai Yuanpei advocated that "a great scholar should also study profound knowledge" and "follow the principle of freedom of thought and take the meaning of inclusiveness", and carried out a series of reforms in Peking University.
He dismissed a group of incompetent Chinese and foreign teachers, hired Chen Duxiu and Xia Yuanli as senior teachers of arts and sciences respectively, and hired Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Liu Bannong, Liang Shuming, Li Siguang, Wang Xinggong, Guang, Zhong Guangguan, Ren Hongjuan, Ding Xilin, Ma Yinchu, Tao, Chen Qixiu and Wang Shijie to teach in the school. Famous scholars who taught at Peking University during this period included Huang Jie, Wu Mei, Liu Wendian, Chen Yuan, Ma Yuzao, Shen Jianshi, Zhu Xizu, Ma Heng and Kang Xinfu. Cai Yuanpei also used Gu Hongming, Liu, Huang Kan and others for their academic attainments and political conservatism.
Cai Yuanpei promoted professor system and democratic management in Peking University. He set up a Council as the highest authority and legislature of the school, and its members were elected by professors. Later, professors' conferences were established in various departments. Subsequently, Peking University Standing Council, Educational Administration Council and General Affairs Office were established one after another. By September, 1920, the Peking University professor management system was basically mature. Cai Yuanpei advocates the independence of education and believes that bureaucratic politicians should not interfere in education. "I can no longer be an illiberal university president." Therefore, Cai Yuanpei resigned as president of Peking University several times.
Cai Yuanpei tried to turn Peking University into a comprehensive university with arts and sciences as the main part, and incorporated business into law and engineering into Beiyang University. In 19 19, Cai Yuanpei cancelled the subject of arts and sciences, and the subject was no longer subordinate to the subject, but changed to the department, and set up the 14 department. Cai Yuanpei abolished the grade system and implemented the subject selection system to develop students' personality and communicate arts and sciences.
19 17, Cai Yuanpei established the Institute of Arts, Sciences and Law in Peking University to train graduate students. This is the earliest research institute in China University. 19 18 founded Peking university monthly, the earliest university journal in China. Cai Yuanpei actively carried out academic exchanges and invited Dewey, Russell, Ban Lewei and Planck to give lectures at Peking University. 1920, Peking University allowed three female students to study liberal arts, and officially began to recruit female students in the autumn of the same year, which was the first co-education among public universities in China.
19 19 On May 4th, the May 4th Movement broke out. Students from many schools in Beijing, such as Peking University, gathered in front of the square, and Luo Jialun, Jiang, and others demonstrated for Theory of Three Represents's student movement theory. Fu Sinian, a student from Peking University, is the commander-in-chief of the parade. The Declaration of Beijing Students drafted by Peking University student Xu Deheng was read out at the rally, and the Declaration of Beijing Academic Community drafted by Peking University student Luo Jialun was distributed in the parade. The marching students set fire to Zhao Jialou and beat Zhang Zongxiang, and the military police arrested the students on the spot.
Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Zhu Jiahua, Hu Shi and Lu Xun spared no expense in launching a national industrial and commercial strike to rescue students. The patriotic movement of Beijing students has won the sympathy and support of young students and people all over the world. The fire of student patriotic movement quickly spread throughout the country and developed into a national anti-imperialist patriotic movement.
The Beiyang government was forced to recall Cao Rulin and He, and refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty, so the student movement won. After the May 4th Movement, Professor Li Dazhao of Peking University took the lead in systematically accepting, spreading and practicing Marxism in China, and Peking University became the center of studying and spreading Marxism in China. 1920 In August, Chen Duxiu founded the Shanghai Group. 1920 10, Li Dazhao founded Beijing Group. A year ago, among 53 party member students in China, 2 1 were teachers, students and alumni of Peking University.
During the 1930s (1927- 1937), Peking University was in turmoil and suffered serious damage. After Fengfeng warlord seized the political power in Beijing, he brazenly announced on 1927 that Peking University was revoked and merged with eight other national universities in Beijing to establish Shi Jing University. 1928, Nanjing National Government changed it to Zhonghua University, then to Peiping University, and then to Peking University College of National Peiping University. 1929, Peking University announced that it would resume school on its own, and the National Government resumed the National Peking University on August 6th.
1930 (in the 19th year of the Republic of China), Jiang Menglin, the first Minister of Education of the National Government, and Gao Zu, Mr. Cai Yuanpei, acted as the president of Peking University for three times, and began to take charge of Peking University, and took office in January of the following year. Jiang Menglin reformed the management system of Peking University, put forward the 16-character policy of "professors, students, faculty and staff, and principals", and changed the Council into the school affairs committee.