For this reason, his classmates nicknamed him Einstein. Hawking likes to discuss and argue with his close classmates about everything from religion and theology to radio, astronomy and physics. They discussed whether the origin of the universe needed God's help, and also discussed the reasons for the redshift of distant galaxies in the universe. As a teenager, Hawking did not believe that the universe was expanding, and thought that the redshift must be caused by other reasons, such as the light turning red after a long journey. Hawking showed great interest in the universe since he was a child, but the school physics class failed to attract him at all. He thinks physics class is boring, far less interesting than chemistry class, where unexpected things often happen, such as explosions. Hawking's father urged him to study medicine or biology. But young Hawking has his own ideas. He believes that physics is more basic than chemistry, medicine and biology, and it is the most basic science. Physics and astronomy involve the basic questions about the universe that he is interested in, so he finally chose physics as his research field all his life.
Hawking/Kloc-was admitted to Oxford University at the age of 0/7. He thinks that theoretical physics has two directions for him to choose: one is macro-scale cosmology of space-time and the other is micro-scale elementary particle physics. He believes that elementary particles lack a suitable theory. Although scientists found many particles, all they did was classify them like botany. Hawking is not interested in such research. He thought that cosmology already had a good theory, Einstein's general theory of relativity, so he chose this direction. At that time, no one in Oxford studied cosmology, so Hawking went to Cambridge University for postgraduate study after graduating from Oxford.
Unfortunately, one year before graduating from Oxford, Hawking, 20, suffered from a serious disease-progressive muscular atrophy. At first, the disease developed rapidly. Hawking had to rely on crutches when he got married at the age of 23.
When Hawking first applied for graduate school, he wanted to follow the famous relativistic astrophysicist Huo Yier. Huo Yier is studying the steady-state model of the universe. The model holds that during the expansion of the universe, matter is constantly produced from a vacuum, and the density of matter in the universe remains unchanged. Hawking is very interested in this model. However, Huo Yier didn't want him, so he had to follow Professor Siam who had never heard of him. Siam has a characteristic, that is, it does not take the initiative to manage graduate students, and you can do whatever research you want. But Siam always sits in the office and students can find him at any time. For students' questions, Siama will introduce them to relevant experts and books, and give some enlightening suggestions. Hawking looked down on Siam at first, and then gradually realized that Siam was a good teacher for him. He gave Hawking enough time and freedom to choose a topic, and also gave him the most needed help-introducing other experts. Facts have proved that Siam is indeed an excellent mentor. At present, almost one-third of the best relativist experts in the world are his students. Besides Hawking, there are Carter, Reese and Alice.
Master of physics in a wheelchair
When he was a graduate student in Siam, Hawking was also interested in Huo Yier's steady-state universe model, and often went to the office of Narikka, a graduate student in Huo Yier, to help him calculate. In the calculation, he found that Huo Yier's steady-state model has insurmountable inherent difficulties and should be rejected. The first part of Dr Hawking's thesis is to prove that the steady-state model is wrong. The second half of the doctoral thesis is about the singularity theorem. Siam took Penrose, a professor of mathematics at Oxford University, to study the theory of relativity and introduced Hawking to him. Hawking learned modern differential geometry from Penrose.
At that time, Penrose had given the first proof of singularity theorem. This theorem means that any physical space-time must have a process, in which time has a beginning or an end. Whether time has a beginning and an end was originally discussed by philosophers and theologians. Now mathematicians and physicists stand up and say that time has a beginning and an end, and its significance can be imagined. After reading Penrose's proof, Hawking gave the second proof of singularity theorem. However, Hawking's initial proof was flawed, and later he gave a perfect proof. Hawking began his research career.
Unfortunately, Hawking's condition is developing rapidly and he will soon be unable to walk. He sat in a special car and walked back and forth with his hands pressing the buttons on the car. He copied down books and magazines, spread them out on a long table one by one, and then drove slowly, reading while moving. It is becoming more and more difficult for him to speak, and only his wife, students, private doctors and nurses can understand him. Later, he must be equipped with an electronic voice generator. The only sound thing is his brain, which is not only sound, but also extraordinary. He is not good at using paper and pen, so he stores all his knowledge in his brain, where he thinks and calculates, then dictation, and his assistant writes it on the blackboard and discusses it with others. Hawking made outstanding contributions to theoretical physics with extraordinary perseverance.
1972, Hawking proposed the "area theorem" of black holes. This theorem points out that the surface area of a black hole can only increase with time, but not decrease. It can happen that matter falls into a black hole and two black holes collide, resulting in an increase in the area of the black hole. However, splitting a black hole into two black holes is an impossible process, because it will reduce the total area of black holes. The area theorem reminds people of "entropy" in thermodynamics. Entropy is a measure of the disorder degree of matter. The second law of thermodynamics points out that in natural processes (isolated or adiabatic systems), entropy can only increase with time and cannot decrease. But black hole area and entropy are two unrelated things. Is it ridiculous to associate them like this?
Thermodynamics tells people that if a black hole has entropy, it should also have temperature. Does a black hole really have a temperature? People have had a heated debate about this. 1973, Hawking, Badin, Carter and other outstanding black hole experts jointly published a paper, claiming that a temperature can be defined for a black hole by imitating the laws of thermodynamics, but the temperature of a black hole cannot be regarded as the real temperature because there is no thermal radiation in the black hole (nothing can escape from the black hole! ), and objects with real temperature should have thermal radiation. But a few months later, Hawking claimed that he had proved that the black hole has thermal radiation and the temperature of the black hole is real.
The discovery of black hole thermal radiation is a major breakthrough in black hole research and space-time theory. This radiation was later called Hawking radiation. Hawking's teacher Siama claimed that Hawking's great discovery made him one of the greatest physicists in the 20th century. Siam also said that he made two major contributions to the study of general relativity. One is to train Hawking as a student, and the other is to mobilize mathematician Peng Ruosi to study relativity.
Hawking is very optimistic about life. At the beginning of his illness, he also took part in rowing competitions. He can't paddle, but he insists on steering. After he was paralyzed, he still went to the dance. He pressed the button and the car spun at high speed, accidentally crushing someone's toe. Once, he came down from a hillside and joked about letting the car rush down. "As a result, our gravity expert was suddenly thrown into the flowers by gravity." Hawking visited China for the first time on 1985 and gave lectures at China University of Science and Technology and Beijing Normal University. He insisted on seeing the world-famous Great Wall, and several China students took him to Juyongguan in his car and people. Later, he visited China twice, and delivered popular science speeches to the public at the China Science and Technology Museum and the Great Hall of the People, which was deeply admired by Chinese people.
Optimistic Hawking has already broken through the life limit predicted by doctors, and his thoughts are still flying in Einstein's curved time and space.
However, Hawking disagreed with Einstein's views on quantum mechanics. In response to Einstein's statement that "God doesn't roll dice", he retorted: "God not only rolls dice, but sometimes throws them out of our sight." The invisible place is a black hole.
Science fiction written at the forefront of science.
Hawking is an outstanding contemporary physicist. He is not only at the forefront of scientific research, but also has written many fascinating popular science books. For example, A Brief History of Time, A Brief History of Time, Hawking Lecture, The Universe in the Shell, etc. , introduced the frontiers of relativity, quantum theory and cosmology to readers. Recently, this childlike scholar and his daughter Lucy jointly wrote George's The Secret of the Universe. This science fiction novel is a precious gift for children.
It describes how two ordinary children get out of their ordinary family life and travel around the universe with the help of a supercomputer named "Cosmos" under the guidance of scientist ehrlich. "Universe" is the name of a real computer that Hawking studied in real life.
They traveled to Jupiter, Saturn and other planets in the solar system and experienced dangers in the asteroid belt. However, the most thrilling thing is that ehrlich has fallen into a "black hole". A black hole is a celestial body from which nothing can escape. Just when he was cornered, Hawking used his latest research results to make the supercomputer "universe" play the role of savior. "Cosmos" collected information about ehrlich who fell into a black hole from space, and used this information to reconstruct him and let him escape from the black hole.
Hawking is a humorous scholar. He often "bets" with other scholars on academic issues, and his office keeps many betting certificates. Our master of science may not be the winner of the bet. In recent years, a famous bet is about whether information falling into a black hole can escape. At first, Hawking and another relativist, Thorne (famous for his research on time tunnels and time machines) thought that information falling into black holes could not escape, but would disappear with the evaporation of black holes, so the information in the universe was not conserved. Presky, another physicist, thinks that the information in the universe should be conserved, and the information falling into the black hole must have some mechanism to leak out or stay in the black hole forever. In 2004, Hawking suddenly changed his attitude, thinking that information should be conserved and information falling into a black hole can escape. The main reason is that black holes were too idealistic in the past, and real black holes would not lock information. At the seminar on relativity held in Ireland, Hawking publicly admitted that he had lost and gave it to Presky's magazine on the spot for one year. However, Thorne did not admit defeat. He insisted that the information falling into the black hole can't run out, but will disappear with the evaporation of the black hole, and the information will not be conserved. Thorne thinks this problem can't be decided by Hawking alone. Today, the debate continues.
The plot of extracting information from black holes described by Hawking in George's Secret of the Universe is based on Hawking's recent understanding of black holes.
If there is really any information that can't escape from the black hole, then the story of this book is written separately.
The translator of this book, Ms. Du Xinxin, is Mr. Wu's wife. The couple have a close friendship with the Hawkins. Mr. Wu mainly studies general relativity, black holes and cosmology. Hawking instructed him to finish his doctoral thesis on the very early universe as early as the early 1980s. Hawking and he also wrote a paper, which was published in Physical Letters at 1985. Mr. Wu is the first person in China to introduce famous popular science books such as A Brief History of Time to readers. Later, Wu and Du Xinxin translated Hawking's works The Nature of Time and Space and Hawking's Lectures together, and compiled books such as Out of Nothing, which had a great influence in China.
Both the author and the translator of this book want to arouse children's yearning and interest in science through this book. Now, this book is published by Hunan Science and Technology Publishing House. May it bring knowledge and joy to young friends.