He lost his father in his early years and lived in his grandfather's house, which ran a small dye house. 1 1 years old began to make a living independently, and spent his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary early experiences are vividly described in his famous autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University. The suffering of the world and the bitterness of life have honed his fighting spirit; In addition to heavy work, he also studies hard by himself. The experience and profound understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society has become an inexhaustible source of his creation. 1892 with maxim? Under the pen name Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his first novel, McArdle? Cudla. Among Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short stories "Old Lady Izgil" and "Song of the Eagle" and the representative work "Cerca Shi" describing the life of vagrants were published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first novel, Fuma? Gore deyev. 190 1 year, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan" was written after he participated in this demonstration. He used this passionate revolutionary prose to meet the revolutionary storm of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play Ordinary Citizen, and his outstanding achievement was to create the image of the first revolutionary proletariat (revolutionary worker Neil) in the history of world literature. 1902, he wrote "At the Bottom", which is a summary of the author's observation on the life of the homeless in the past 20 years and a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. Gorky joined the revolutionary movement as a soldier during the high revolutionary situation in 1905, and his residence became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905.
Soviet writer Yi? Kanohova once wrote an article about Gorky, named "Accident", which tells that the writer met Gorky but didn't recognize him (which will be learned in the sixth lesson of the fifth grade experimental textbook of China's compulsory education curriculum standard).
Literary works
1, Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of 4 and was taken to his grandmother's house with his mother, who was a woman of five big and three thick, and her grandmother was very kind to Gorky. Grandpa is in a small business, which is not good and has a bad temper. He once broke a rolling pin. He started as an apprentice, porter and baker at the age of 1 1. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested on 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892, he published his first novel, Markard Cudla, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in the local newspaper. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He only attended school for two years, but in fact he was self-taught.
Most of his early works are short stories. Among them are Markard Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil, and Song of the Eagle. With a strong contrast between darkness and light, praising heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to people's interests has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belongs to artistic realism. The two-volume short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadence School" also show that the author has attached importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a clear artistic stance against decadence.
Two novellas, Fuma Goyle Deyev and Three Men, were completed at the turn of the 20th century from 65438 to 2009, focusing on revealing the life exploration theme of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.
Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory and was arrested and exiled for the second time.
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." The three plays, Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian, revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned the revolutionary ideal. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.
Song of Haiyan
mother
childhood
to the end
My college
(early) morning
Mccard Cudla.
Old lady Aesop Gil
The story of Christmas
Kana Valov
On the prairie
Mr and Mrs orlov.
The Men Who Fell
The melody of spring
The market in Gortva
A disturbing book
Aldamolov's family affairs
The Life of Kerim Shamkin
Ordinary citizens
Eagle song
2. Mid-term life and creation
1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class through the fierce face-to-face conflict between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in America, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. During this period, he worked almost exclusively for the Russian revolution. Together with Lenin, he founded a school to train revolutionaries and propagandists, and met many people who came to visit him specially. He received many letters from all over Russia, in which many people told him their hopes and worries, and he also replied to many letters.
During this period, he had the first conflict with Lenin. Religion is very important to Gorky. Lenin thought it was a "departure from Marxism". The direct cause of this conflict is Gorky's essay Confessions, which attempts to combine Christianity with Marxism. 19 13 The conflict broke out again.
19 13 years, Gorky got the opportunity to return to Russia on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Romanov's administration.
Gorky's pessimistic view of the October Revolution 19 17 is the reason for his second great conflict with Lenin. Gorky agrees with the social revolution in principle, but he thinks that the Russian nation is still immature and the people need to form the necessary consciousness to resist their misfortune. Later, he said that he was "afraid that the dictatorship of the proletariat would disintegrate our only revolutionary force: the Bolsheviks, politically trained workers." This disintegration will destroy the social revolution itself for a long time ... "。
192/kloc-0 went abroad for medical treatment in the summer of, and basically lived in sorrento until 1928. During his recovery, he tried his best to resist the ultra-left and sectarian mistakes of some groups such as Lapp through letters and interviews, and did a lot of work to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard to create, published his memoirs lev tolstoy and Close-up Lenin, and completed the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University, describing the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light.
Gorky organized a series of associations immediately after the revolution to prevent the decline of science and culture he was worried about. The Committee on Improving the Living Standards of Scholars was established to protect intellectuals who are particularly threatened by hunger, cold and political uncertainty. He organized a newspaper against Lenin's Pravda and "lynching" and "the poison of power". 19 18 this magazine was banned. The difference between Gorky and Lenin is so great that Lenin suggested Gorky go to a foreign sanatorium to treat his tuberculosis.
He lived in Berlin from 192 1 to 1924. He didn't trust Lenin's successor, so he didn't go back to Russia after Lenin died. He intended to return to Italy, and the Italian fascist government agreed to let him go to sorrento after some hesitation. He stayed there until 1927, where he wrote Remember Lenin, in which he called Lenin his favorite person. Besides, he is writing two of his novels.
1927101On October 22nd, the Soviet Academy of Sciences decided to award Gorky the title of proletarian writer to commemorate the 35th anniversary of his writing. When he returned to the Soviet Union soon, he won many honors: he was awarded the Lenin Medal and became a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. The whole country of the Soviet Union celebrated his 60th birthday, and many units were named after him. His birthplace was renamed Gorky City.
Many of his works, which are suitable for socialist realism, are ostentatious and some are silent. In particular, Mother (Gorky's only work featuring proletarian workers) became a model of Soviet literature.
Gorky said in the last period that his pessimism about revolution in the past was wrong, and he became a model writer of Stalin. He traveled around the Soviet Union and expressed surprise at the progress made in recent years. He doesn't seem to notice the dark side of these advances. Most of the time he lived in a villa near Moscow and was always watched by KGB spies. He still tries to inspire the public and promote young writers.
1936 June 18, Gorky was cleverly murdered in the hospital, and three doctors who treated Gorky were arranged to take the fall.
Gorky's works have been introduced to China since the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and works have not only been translated into Chinese, but also edited and published into single-volume and multi-volume Gorky collections. His literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of China's new literature after the May 4th Movement.
[Edit this paragraph] Gorky's famous saying
1 Don't bemoan the pain of life! ..... lament is weak. ...
Only confident people can immerse themselves in life with confidence everywhere and realize their will.
The higher a person pursues, the faster his talents develop and the more beneficial it is to society.
Study-it's never too late.
Books are the ladder of human progress.
Books have turned me into a happy person and my life into a relaxed and comfortable poem.
The fastest and slowest, longest and shortest, most common and most precious, most easily overlooked and most regrettable thing in the world is time.
The harder life is, the more I feel strong and even smart.
Man needs truth just as the blind need a bright guide.
10 The wider a person's knowledge, the more perfect he is.
1 1' s genius is developed because of his love for his career. It can be said that genius-in essence-is just a love of career and work.
Genius comes from diligence.
13 There is nothing I don't know. Let's just say there is something unknown.
14 It is much more difficult to turn words into actions than actions into words.
I jumped into the book, just like a hungry man jumped into the bread.
16 let the storm come more violently!
17 Only human labor is sacred.
18 books are inseparable life companions and mentors of young people.
19 If you don't want to waste your life in the world, you must study all your life.
When nature deprived man of the ability to crawl on all fours, people gave him a crutch. This is the ideal. Gorky
Career ideal
2 1 The higher a person pursues, the faster his talents will develop. Gorky
[Occupation, ideal, goal and pursuit]
Let the whole life be spent in pursuit, and there will be many wonderful moments in this life. Gorky
[Occupation, ideal, goal and pursuit]
The higher a person pursues, the faster his ability develops, and the more beneficial it is to society. Gorky
[Occupation, ideal, goal and pursuit]
A person's soul is embodied in his career, he will die, no one will live for hundreds of years, but his career will be immortal. Gorky