Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 BC; Greek φ ι λ ι π ο? King of Macedonia (359-336 BC). Son of Amyntas III. The father of Alexander the Great and Philippe III le Bon.
Although Macedonia does not belong to the traditional Greek city-state, it is inextricably linked with the Greek city-state. Philip was taken hostage in Thebes, Greece in his early years. After Philip returned to China, he seized the throne of his young nephew in 359 BC. After more than 20 years of hard work, he established a powerful kingdom of Macedonia. In internal affairs, he strengthened the royal power, reformed the monetary system, promoted trade, established new cities, and opened up the sea, but more importantly, he made achievements in military and diplomatic aspects.
He established a standing army, cultivated a "Macedonian phalanx" with strong combat effectiveness and established a powerful navy. He took advantage of the contradiction between the Greek city-states, defeated the Greek allied forces in the Battle of Coronha in 338 BC, held an all-Greece conference in Corinth the following year, established the Corinthian Union led by Macedonia, and established Macedonia's control over the Greek city-states. In 336 BC, he was assassinated on the eve of preparing to March into Persia.
During the more than 20 years of Philip II's rule, Macedonia rose from a small country with civil strife to the leader of the Greek city-state, and accumulated great potential in military and economic aspects, which prepared sufficient conditions for the great conquest of his son Alexander.
Two. Philip II (France)
Philip II Augustus (French: Philip II Augustus, 1 165 August 21-kloc-0/223 July 14), king of the French Capua Dynasty (1180)
1, early deeds
Philip II, the son of French King Louis VII, was born in Paris, and his mother was a champagne merchant. Due to poor health, his father crowned Philip at the age of Lance 1 179. 11On April 28th, 80, Philip married Isabella, Earl of enoch, which made artois a dowry in the French royal domain.
After Louis VII died in September 1 180, Philip II, aged 15, became the only king of France. His uncle Henry I, Earl of Champagne, Guillaume de Blay, Archbishop of Reims, and Thibaugh V, Earl of chartres, were declared French regents.
2. His rules
Philip II was the first powerful monarch of the Cape Dynasty. In the early days of his administration, he first tried to get rid of the shackles of regency. The marriage with Isabella of enoch is objectively beneficial to Philip's struggle with the champagne family. Especially in 1 180, when his father Louis VII was critically ill, Philip II left the regency period, held talks with the visiting King Henry II of England and signed a treaty, which isolated the champagne family. Later, he forced Henry of Champagne to cede a large number of territories, including Amiers Noir, Villmantdua and valois. These territories became part of the royal domain, enriching the power of Philip II. Soon, however, the champagne family joined hands with Philip de Alsace, Earl of Flanders, and launched a war against Philip II. After several years' efforts, Philip reached an agreement with Philip in 1 185, which settled the territorial dispute between the two sides.
Philip II pursued an obvious policy of centralization, trying to restrain the powerful princes who paralyzed the French monarchy. This was mainly achieved through the following methods: winning the support of small feudal lords and churches, maintaining good relations with economically prosperous cities (Philip II greatly expanded Louis VI's system of granting urban autonomy, implemented the municipal charter to cities in vassal territory, and bound big noble by cities in his own territory), and vigorously expanded the royal territory. The most important of these was the direct expansion of the royal territory, which enabled Philip II to fight against the unruly nobles. Through four large-scale annexation of territory, Philip II actually became the largest feudal Lord in France.
The biggest expansion of the royal territory came from the struggle between Philip II and the kings of the Plantagenet Dynasty in England. Henry II, the ancestor of the Plantagenet Dynasty, owned a lot of territories in France, including Anjou and Normandy, because he was born in a French aristocrat and gained the right to rule aquitaine through marriage. In order to weaken the influence of Henry II, Philip II tried his best to sow discord between Henry and his sons (Henry, Richard and John). Philip II supported the rebellion launched by Richard and John in Henry II's later years; After Richard I succeeded to the throne, he actively planned to attack Richard.
Philip II was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade from 1 189 to 1 192. Two other important monarchs in Europe, Frederick I, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Richard I, the King of England, also took part in the Crusades. This crusade was fruitless: Frederick drowned while crossing the river in Asia Minor, and Philip II and Richard parted ways because of obvious contradiction (Philip returned to France on 1 19 1). Richard made peace with Muslim leader Saladin alone, and was captured by Austrian Duke Leopold V the Virtuous, the vassal of the new holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, on his way back. Henry VI later became an important ally of Philip II, and they agreed on the issue of opposing Richard. Philip II's constant occupation of Plantagenet territory finally caused Richard to fight back: with the support of Duanbo IX, Earl of Flanders, and Sancho VI, King of Navarra, Richard I launched an attack on Philip in French mainland. At that time, Philip II seemed to be caught between Scylla and Charybdis because Sancho VI invaded France from the south. But Richard I was unlucky. After reaching a five-year armistice agreement with Philip II (1199 65438+10/3), Richard went to besiege the territory of the old enemy viscount limoges. He was shot by an arrow in the battle and soon died of his injuries. Richard's campaign against Philip didn't achieve any important results.
After Richard I's death, Philip II continued to oppose his successor John, the youngest son of Henry II. The first conflict between Philip and John broke out in 1200, because the latter married Isabella of Gulaim. Isabella of Ang Gulaim was originally the fiancee of Hugo X Ruud Jane, Earl of Ma Erkai. Her marriage with John deprived Lu Jianjia of a possible dowry, so Hugo Ruud Jane asked Philip II to uphold justice. Philip II seized the opportunity to attack John. As a Lord, he asked his bannerman, John, Duke of Aquitaine, to respond to the lawsuit in France. After being rejected by John of course, Philip announced that all the territories of the Plantagenet family in France were confiscated by the French king. 1202, Philip also made an alliance with Attil I, Duke of Brittany. Artie is John's nephew, and he has the right to inherit the British throne. Many French vassals of the Plantagenet dynasty hoped to replace the headstrong John with him. Philip II induced Altier I to be loyal to him and agreed to attack John's territory (Normandy and poitou). However, Alti was attacked by John near Mirabaud on July 3, 20031,and was captured and taken to Rouen. Soon, Aarti mysteriously disappeared, and it is widely believed that he was killed by John. Philip II then clearly expressed his opposition to John and attacked Normandy again in 1860; After destroying many castles, he concentrated his forces on attacking Fort Gailhard. Although British soldiers fought bravely, on March 6th, 2004,/kloc-0, the fortification fell. The whole of Normandy then fell into the hands of Philip II. Surprisingly, when Philip II invaded Normandy, John returned to England.
120610 June 13, Philip ii and John signed a peace treaty in Salder. The peace treaty overwhelmingly favored the French royal family: John was forced to give up all the former Plantagenet territories north of the royal family, including Normandy, aquitaine, Anjou and Durham. According to the treaty, John should keep poitou; But Philip invaded this area again in 1207.
John hoped to recapture the lost territory and form an alliance with Otto IV, another important monarch of the European continent, and agreed to attack France of Philip II from both east and west. He is the wrong ally; Otto IV itself is being isolated by the greatest Pope Innocent III in the history of the Holy See. 1265438+In February 2004, John finally landed in Roche and soon entered Anjou. 1265438+On July 2, 20041day, Philip II led the French army to a decisive battle with the allies of John and Otto IV in the Battle of Boffin. The French army won a decisive victory in the battle.
The battle of Buwen is of historical significance. This is not only the first heavy casualties battle in western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, but also marks that France has replaced Germany as the most important country in continental Europe. Germany continued to weaken and split in later history, while France became the number one power in Western Europe after the Hundred Years' War.
Although Philip II has always maintained a good relationship with the church, he has never been controlled by the church. He turned a deaf ear to the Pope's request to eliminate heresy in languedoc. He also refused to launch a crusade against the albizzian heresy for innocent III. 1On July 4th, 223, Philip II died in Mount and his body was buried in saint-denis Abbey.
Philip II was the first king of capel dynasty who had not been crowned Crown Prince before his death. Because at this time, the French royal family is so powerful that it no longer needs to ensure the throne in this way.
3. Architecture in Paris
During the reign of Philip II, strong walls were built around Paris. About 1200, Philip II built a square castle at the western end of the central city island in Paris. This castle later became the predecessor of the Louvre. In the same year, Philip II officially approved the establishment of the University of Paris. Since then, many schools have been established, including Sorbonne University, the predecessor of modern Paris University (1257, during the reign of Louis IX).
4. Family
The objects of previous marriages and their children:
△ Isabella of enoch, Countess Theus, daughter of Duanbo V, Earl of enoch, got married in 1 180.
Louis VIII
△ Ingeborg, Denmark, daughter of King Waldmar I of Denmark, got married in 1 193.
No children
△ Agnes of Moran, daughter of Bettol IV, Duke of Moran, got married in 1 196.
Mary
Jean Tristan
Philip Lepel, Earl of boulogne
△ A Lady by Alas
Pierre Charlotte, Bishop of Tours
Three. Philip II (Savoi)
Philippe II de Savoie (1born in Chambery on February 5th, 438, 14971October 7th) was the Earl of Bryce. From 1496 to his death, he also served as Duke of Savoy and ruler of Piedmont, Osta and Morey. He is the youngest son of Louis, Duke of Sava.
1, contract
Philip rebelled against his father and was defeated when he was young. His father asked King Louis Xi of France to imprison Philip in Roach Castle for a period from 1464 to 1466. After his release, Philip supported duke of burgundy Charlie against Louis Xi. He was one of the most important opponents of the Duke of Sava and the King of France.
After the death of his eldest nephew charles ii, he briefly became the Duke of Sava.
2. Marriage and children
△1473 On April 6th, Philip married Margaret, the daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (1438—1483). His children include:
Louise of Savoy (1476—153 1 year) married Charles, Earl of Gulaim.
Hieronymus (year of birth and death 1478)
Filibert II (1480—1504), Duke of Sava.
△ After Margaret's death, Philip married Claudin, the daughter of Count Pontiev, on June 1485+065438+ 10/0.
Carlo III (1486—1553), Duke of Sava.
Louis (1488—1502)
Philippe de Savoi (1490—1533), Earl of Geneva, Duke of nemours.
Asolong (year of birth and death 1494)
John Amadeus (date of birth 1495)
Filibert (1498—1524) married giuliano II de Medici.
△ In addition, he has the following illegitimate children:
René (1468—1525), 1499, recognized as the Governor of Nice and Provence.
MarieAn-toinette (died in 1500) married Jean II, Lord of Monaco.
Peter, Bishop
Claudin (died in 1528) married Earl Horn.
Dinah
Jane (female name)
Four. Philip II (Spain) (Figure)
Philip II Felipe II (actually pronounced Felipe in Spanish) (1527 May21-1598 September13) King of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain (reigned 1556- 1598) His rule was the strongest in Spanish history. Under the rule of Philip II, Spain's national strength reached its peak, and historians often used this period to rule Europe for the Habsburg dynasty. Philip II was ambitious and tried to maintain a Catholic empire, but he finally failed.
1, the inheritor of the great heritage of the Habsburg dynasty.
Philip II is the son of Charles V (Spanish Carlos I), a powerful holy Roman emperor, and his mother is Isabella (Portuguese). After Charles V abdicated in 1556, Philip II inherited all the territories of the Habsburg Empire except Austria and Germany, which were the birthplace of his family. Charles V's younger brother, Emperor Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire, inherited the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the highest position in Germany, while the sources of Habsburg's military and economic strength-Spain and the Netherlands-all belonged to Philip II.
Philip II inherited the following territories: Spain, Holland, Sicily and Naples, Conte, Francci, Milan, and all the colonies in western America and Africa.
2. Rule Spain and Holland
Philip II continued to carry out all the centralization of authority that his father carried out in Spain. During his reign, the central government really began to deprive some historical kingdoms and ethnic areas (Aragon, Castilla, Valencia, especially Catalonia) of their independence. From 1590 to 159 1, Philip II put out the riots launched by Aragon to maintain its autonomous status. He also abolished the autonomous laws and regulations of some cities, perhaps in order to make it easier for the royal family to obtain direct taxes. In the era of Philip II, Spain's centralization and bloated bureaucracy were comparable to those in the East.
Philip II ruled the low countries with an uncompromising iron fist; He appointed Duque de Alba's famous general and executioner Fernando Alvarez de Toledo as the Dutch governor. The latter severely suppressed all the resistance activities of the Dutch people and executed about 8,000 people.
Philip II is a staunch and fanatical Catholic, and his religious beliefs can be seen in many of his policies. This greatly influenced his judgment on some issues and involved the government in a series of religious disputes. Especially because Philip II was determined to eradicate all kinds of heresy or heresy, the religious trial and persecution of heresy in the Middle Ages reached its peak during his reign. Philip II strongly supported the Catholic Inquisition, so that a large number of heretics (real or framed) were reduced to ashes at the stake. His other policy made the moors who were forced to migrate to the interior of Spain from 1568 to 1570 suffer cruel persecution. The persecution and expulsion of Muslims and Jews by Aragon Ferdinand II finally "purified" the Spanish racial composition.
3. Philip II on the international stage
Philip II pursued an active foreign policy. It seems that he has the determination and ability to promote a movement to unify the whole of Europe under one banner. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Philip II had a great conflict with Pope Paul IV because he wanted to maintain his rule over Italian territory and weaken the power of the church. He also continued the Italian war for which his ancestors fought. 1557, the Spanish army defeated the French army in the battle of San Quentin. On 1559, Philip II signed the Treaty of Cato-Cambre West with Henry III, king of France, thus ending the Italian war that lasted for half a century.
Philip II led the counterattack against the Ottoman Empire, which seriously threatened Europe. Under his leadership, the anti-Turkish "Holy Alliance" was established, and its members included the Pope, Savoi, Venice and Genoa besides Spain. [[ 157 1 year]], Juan (Austria), Philip II's half-brother (illegitimate child of Charles V), wiped out the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Leibanto. This victory will go down in history because it ended Turkey's expansion in the Mediterranean.
1580, Philip II sent Duque de Alba to lead an army to forcibly merge Portugal.
4. Interfere with Britain and France
1554, Philip II, then Crown Prince, married Queen Mary I of England, but after marriage, Philip II almost never lived in Britain. Philip II and Mary, both Catholics, pursued a policy of terror against Protestants in China. However, after Mary I's death, Elizabeth I, who sympathized with Protestantism, ascended the British throne. Philip II proposed to Elizabeth, but failed. Elizabeth's obvious preference for Protestantism prompted Philip II to make the decision to invade England. He established the famous invincible fleet in history in 1588.
1588 in may, the armada with 130 ships and more than 30,000 soldiers launched an expedition to England under the leadership of Medina Szidonia. In the famous English Channel encounter, this fleet was defeated by the flexible British navy. On the way back, due to the storm, many ships in Scottish waters were damaged.
Spain suffered a major setback after the Armada attacked Britain. Although its status as a great power has not collapsed, and England cannot immediately become an equal country with it, Spain's power at sea has since declined.
Another wrong decision of Philip II also stems from his religious fanaticism. After the terrible French religious war in France, Philip II immediately fell to the side of the Catholic holy alliance led by the Gith family, which was dedicated to eliminating the Huguenots in France. 159 1 When the situation was most chaotic, the Spanish army even marched into Paris. Philip II hoped that his daughter would marry charles de lorraine, the fourth Duke of Gith, and make the latter inherit the French throne, but ultimately failed. 1595, Philip II was defeated by Henry of Navarra (now King Henry IV of France). Later, Philip II finally recognized Henry IV's status as king.
Step 5 evaluate
Philip II was a great monarch with great achievements. During his reign, Spain's national strength was strong and impressive. However, his ambition is based on ignoring the overall economic environment of the country. In order to ensure endless military operations, Spain spent a huge amount of military money; Philip II had to raise taxes many times. Despite the strong support of American colonies, Spain failed to solve the financial crisis caused by overwhelming military expenditure, so that Philip II declared the country bankrupt three times in 1557, [[ 1575]] and 1598. The uncompromising religious policy also made Philip II make enemies everywhere. Due to these disadvantages, in the long run, Philip II's rule had a negative impact on the country. After his death, Spain declined rapidly.
6. Family
△ spouse:
Maria Manuel of Portugal (1527- 1545), age 18.
Mary I (15 16- 1558), 42 years old.
Elizabeth of valois (1545- 1568), 23 years old.
Anna from Austria (1549- 1580), age 3 1.
△ Child:
Don Carlos (1545- 1568), unmarried, aged 23.
Isabella Clara Eugenia (1566- 1633) was engaged to Rudolf II at an early age. After several delays, the latter regretted getting married at the age of 30. At the age of 33, she remarried with her seventh brother Albrecht VII (1559- 162 1) at the age of 67.
Caitlin Migra (1567- 1597) married Carlo Emmanuel I, Duke of Sava, at the age of 18, at the age of 30.
Fernando (157 1- 1578) died before he was seven years old.
Carlos Lorenzo (1573- 1575) died before he was two years old.
Diego (1575- 1582) died at the age of 8.
Philippe III le Bon (1578- 162 1), 43 years old.
Maria (1580-1583) died at the age of 3.