Leiden has a long cultural tradition. There are five museums in this city. Residents have many opportunities to see classic musicals, dances and theatrical performances. Students can buy discount tickets with valid certificates.
Leiden has convenient transportation. It is located in the political, economic and cultural center of the Netherlands, less than 40 minutes drive from Amsterdam, Rotterdam and other cities, and only 10 minutes drive from The Hague.
The environment around the city is suitable for all kinds of leisure activities and provides very convenient conditions for people who like sports and fitness. Beihai is in the west of the city, and there are direct buses from the city to the beach. There is a lake in the north of the city, and the great lake in the north of the city is a good place for skating in winter. Elegant and ancient university buildings
When you go to Leiden, you can't help looking at those university buildings. Like many European universities, Leiden University has no walls and gates, and various building facilities exceeding 130 are distributed in every corner of Leiden City. Law school, library, student center and many other buildings have unique styles, and even the international department is located in an elegant building with a history of 100 years. Like several ordinary Gothic churches and city halls in the old city, these ancient buildings are simple and exquisite, simple in structure and decoration, and complement the cobblestone pavements in the streets, giving people a quiet and meticulous feeling. At the same time, the canals all over the city make these buildings have aura, and the buildings on both sides of the river are particularly clear in the reflection. Occasionally, people cross the water, or leisurely seabirds stop on the water, breaking the tranquility of the water, the water turns into waves, and the reflection of buildings overflows in the curved waves. At night, when the lights are on, you can see the boats moored by the small bridge, the lights of people's windows along the river are reflected on the river, the decorative lights on the suspension bridge are shining like stars, and the jazz from the bar in the distance echoes in your ears, which is easy to remind people of Qinhuai River in the shadow of paddle lights.
Unique windmills and suspension bridges
Leiden people are proud of the scenery, windmills and suspension bridges. The windmill here is the best preserved in town. There used to be 65,438+09 windmills in this city. After Dutch industrialization, the grinding function of most windmills was gradually replaced by mechanical chemical plants, and many windmills have been demolished. Now there are only three or four windmills in Leiden, the most famous of which is Dewalque, which was built in 16 165438. Now it has been transformed into a windmill museum, which is decorated with stone mills and other items. Standing on the roof of the windmill, watching the stone mill still grinding, listening to the creaking sound of the windmill from time to time. I seem to be watching and listening to it telling a story about the rise and fall of Dutch windmills. Canal bridges in Holland are generally very low. In order not to affect shipping, most of them are designed as suspension bridges. Van Gogh once described the image of the French suspension bridge in many works, which must be related to the common scenery in Holland. Leiden's suspension bridges have different styles, some are similar to the hook shape of a big crane, some are square wooden frames, and some are particularly simple. There is no shelf, and the deck is lifted directly by electric winch. The supports of these suspension bridges are painted with different colors and patterns, which are in harmony with the surrounding architectural styles. Suspension bridges are patchwork, decorated with curved canals, and the depth of field becomes fuller.
open-air market
The lively crowds and makeshift tents on both sides of the canal are open-air markets. Nordic countries such as Denmark have similar markets. The stall owners who sell vegetables on weekends are used to dragging their throats, competing with each other and selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables loudly, but the stall owners here are much quieter, so they don't need to shout and say hello in a low voice, and customers bargain tepidly.
There are many flowers and plants in the open-air market here. The Netherlands is a country of flowers, and Leiden is the main flower production base in the Netherlands. There are many kinds of flowers sold in the market with low prices. Besides tulips, there are hyacinthus orientalis, roses and other flowers and plants. There are big pots and small pots beside the canal, which exudes a faint fragrance. After these flower stalls, you feel refreshed. You can buy everything from clothes, shoes and hats to fish and vegetables here. Visitors can not only feel the lively atmosphere of the market, but also consider buying some handwritten books with Dutch characteristics for relatives and friends.
tourist handbook
From Leiden Railway Station, there is an information desk on the right front, where you can collect some necessary information before sightseeing. Go straight along the station road for 3 minutes to the canal. On the right side of the canal is the National Museum of Ethnology, and on the left is a beautiful park with a windmill open as a museum. Visitors can also visit the work and life scenes in the windmill.
Go further and you will reach the intersection of the two canals, and there is a pier for canal tourist boats by the bridge. Cross the bridge and enter Haram Street, the largest commercial street in Leiden. Walk along Harlem Street for about 500 meters, and you will reach a crossroads. There is a church on the left of the intersection. Turn right here and you will reach the canal. There are many cafes around here, most of which are students. Go west from here, and you will reach St. Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of Leiden University and the National Museum of Ancient China. Perhaps because of the university, there is a calm and quiet atmosphere here.
In Leiden, it is best to walk along the canals between ancient buildings, especially the canal flowing in front of the National Museum of Ancient China. WEDDESTEEG Hutong by the river is Rembrandt's birthplace, and further north are white suspension bridges and windmills, which is an authentic Dutch scenery.
Cultural wide angle
1In the forties and fifties of the 8th century, the improvement of power generation devices and the study of atmospheric electrical phenomena attracted physicists' extensive interest. 1745 kleister of Prussia used wires to lead the electricity generated by friction to the glass bottle with nails. When he touched the nail with his hand, he was hit hard. Perhaps inspired by this discovery, Mei Sen Brock of Leiden University invented the "Leiden bottle" for collecting charges in 1746. Because he saw the hard-won electricity gradually disappearing into the air, he tried to save it. One day, he hung a bucket in the air, connected the motor, led it out of the bucket with a copper wire and immersed it in a glass bottle filled with water. He asked an assistant to hold a glass bottle in one hand, while Mei Sen Brock shook the motor vigorously. At this time, his assistant accidentally hit the other person's hand with a barrel. He suddenly felt a strong electric shock and cried. Mei Sen Brock then switched places with his assistant and asked him to shake the motor. He held the water bottle in one hand and touched the bucket in the other. In a letter, he described the result of this experiment: "I want to tell you a novel but terrible experimental fact, but I warn you not to repeat this experiment under any circumstances." Put the container on your right hand. I tried to draw sparks from the charged iron column with my other hand. Suddenly, my hand was hit by a powerful blow, and my whole body shook, giving my arms and body an indescribable sense of terror. In short, I thought my life was over. "
Although Mei Sen Brock didn't want to do this experiment again, he came to the conclusion that putting a charged body in a glass bottle could save electricity. It was just not clear at that time whether the bottle or the water in the bottle played a role in saving electricity. Later, people called this storage bottle "Leyden bottle", and this experiment was called "Leyden bottle experiment". The discovery of this "electric shock" phenomenon caused a sensation, which greatly increased people's attention to Leyden bottles. Mei Sen Brock's warning had the opposite effect. People are repeating this experiment on a larger scale, and sometimes it becomes an entertainment game. People use Leiden bottles to kill mice by spark discharge, and some people use them to get some alcohol and gunpowder. One of the most spectacular demonstrations was performed by Frenchman Nolette in front of Notre Dame. Nolette invited members of the royal family of French King Louis XV to watch the performance live. He invited 700 monks to line up hand in hand, all of whom were 900 feet long and about 275 meters long. This team is amazing. Let the monk in front hold the Leyden bottle with his hand, and the monk in the back hold the lead wire of the Leyden bottle, and then electrify the Leyden bottle. As a result, 700 monks jumped up almost at the same time because of electric shock, and everyone present was dumbfounded. Nolette explained the great power of electricity to people in a convincing tone. Later, people quickly used electricity in medicine, and the electricity generated by the motor passed through the patient's body to treat hemiplegia, neuralgia and other diseases. This therapy has been used until people understand the function of electricity. It was recorded in 922 AD. 12 century, the city developed around castles, 1266 built the city. Textile and printing industry developed in14th century. /kloc-since the end of 0/9, the industry has developed rapidly, including printing, textile, food, metallurgy, building materials and other departments. One of the largest cheese and cattle markets in China.
The whole Leiden has a population of about 654.38+million, and many buildings of Leiden University are also very important modern buildings in Leiden. Leiden has many museums, such as the National Museum of Ancient Customs and the Museum of Human Culture. Leiden University Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe. From Leiden Railway Station, there is an information desk on the right front, where you can collect some necessary information before sightseeing. Go straight along the station road for 3 minutes to the canal. On the right side of the canal is the National Museum of Ethnology, and on the left is a beautiful park with a windmill open as a museum. Visitors can also visit the work and life scenes in the windmill.
Go further and you will reach the intersection of the two canals, and there is a pier for canal tourist boats by the bridge. Cross the bridge and enter Haram Street, the largest commercial street in Leiden. Walk along Harlem Street for about 500 meters, and you will reach a crossroads. There is a church on the left of the intersection. Turn right here and you will reach the canal. There are many cafes around here, most of which are students. Go west from here, and you will reach St. Peter's Cathedral, the headquarters of Leiden University and the National Museum of Ancient China. Perhaps because of the university, there is a calm and quiet atmosphere here.
In Leiden, it is best to walk along the canals between ancient buildings, especially the canal flowing in front of the National Museum of Ancient China. WEDDESTEEG Hutong by the river is Rembrandt's birthplace, and further north are white suspension bridges and windmills, which is an authentic Dutch scenery. Rembrandt (1606 ~ 1669)160615 was born in Leiden in July and died in Amsterdam on October 4th. His paintings have a wide range of genres, and he is good at portraits, landscapes, genre paintings, religious paintings and historical paintings. The self-portrait works in Leiden period (about 1625 ~ 163 1) use strong contrast between light and shade, and use light to shape characters, which is layered and dramatic. Rembrandt's position in the history of painting-not only in the Netherlands, but also in Europe as a whole-can be compared with the Italian Renaissance masters. He represents the nation and national genius in Northern Europe. What makes Rembrandt's great face is a special way to express his special soul: light and darkness. This word, once used to talk about this painter, has a special meaning. In other words, Rembrandt's light and darkness have completely different functions from those of Italian writers in the Renaissance. /kloc-the French painter and critic in the 0 th and 9 th centuries called him a "night bug." Others say that he paints light with darkness.
There are two masterpieces in The Louvre, The Carpenter's Family and The Dinner of Emmers, which can help us to understand the truth of Rankin's "light and darkness". His works "Saint Stephen Killed by a Stone" and (Lyon Art Museum) reveal the inner activities of the characters by capturing facial expressions. In order to create characters with individual characteristics, he has been studying physiognomy all his life, and his exploration results are an important part of his painting techniques. During the period of Amsterdam (1632 ~ 1648), he settled in Amsterdam 1632 ~ 1640, which was the mature stage of his creation. The famous work "Anatomy Course of Professor Tilp" (in the Royal Morris Painting Exhibition Hall in The Hague) broke through the rigid procedure of group portrait painting and handled the composition and characters vividly. A large number of religious paintings in this period showed secular content and baroque painting style. Samson's Blindness, written by 1636, is described by critics as equivalent to Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's works because of its delicate and complicated expression. Similar masterpieces include The Painter and His Wife, Self-portrait Embracing saskia (Dresden Gallery) and so on. From 1640 to 1648, the misfortune and torture of personal life made his observation and understanding of society more profound, and his artistic creation also entered a deepening stage. 1642 The death of his son made him extremely sad, but the appearance of Night Patrol and Amsterdam National Museum was not understood at first. This epic masterpiece with genre paintings and historical paintings can remind people of the struggle of the Dutch people against foreign rule. Because it further broke through the traditional painting method, it was not accepted by painters at first and was once deadlocked. During this period, his other works, such as Night Patrol, adopted a more theatrical expression and implicitly portrayed the main characters on the screen, so they were not as popular with the upper class as they were in the 1930s, and their lives became more and more difficult. In his later years of night patrol (1648 ~ 1669), Rembrandt had a hard life in his later years, his property was auctioned off, and there were not many buyers of oil paintings, only ordering etched paintings with religious themes. One of the works, entitled "100 Dutch Coin Prints", was named according to its selling price. During this period, his most famous works are The Plot of West feliz, Director of the Nepalese Merchants Association, and The Portrait of C West feliz, an Ancient Dutch Hero, Resisting Roman Tyranny. The former one has a commemorative spirit, but now there is only one fragment, which is hidden in Stockholm National Museum. The latter is his immortal work because it shows the appearance and personality characteristics that vary from person to person. Family misfortune and a series of tortures did not destroy the stubborn old man. He always adhered to his own artistic ideas and creative methods until his death, and drew famous paintings such as The Return of the Prodigal Son and Saul and David. According to the statistics in 1960s, he had 600 oil paintings, 350 etched paintings and 1 500 sketches in his life, and made new discoveries after 1970s.